{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1760236296090,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents sensor nanotechnologies that can be used for the skin-based gas \u201csmelling\u201d of disease. Skin testing may provide rapid and reliable results, using specific \u201cfingerprints\u201d or unique patterns for a variety of diseases and conditions. These can include metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and cholesterol-induced heart disease; neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s; quality of life conditions, such as obesity and sleep apnea; pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; gastrointestinal tract diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and colitis; cancers, such as breast, lung, pancreatic, and colon cancers; infectious diseases, such as the flu and COVID-19; as well as diseases commonly found in ICU patients, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and infections of the blood stream. Focusing on the most common gaseous biomarkers in breath and skin, which is nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, and certain abundant volatile organic compounds (acetone, isoprene, ammonia, alcohols, sulfides), it is argued here that effective discrimination between the diseases mentioned above is possible, by capturing the relative sensor output signals from the detection of each of these biomarkers and identifying the distinct breath print for each disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"7554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Future Trends in Semiconducting Gas-Selective Sensing Probes for Skin Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Annerino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pelagia-Irene (Perena)","family":"Gouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marczin, N., Kharitonov, S.A., Yacoub, M.H., and Barnes, P.J. (2002). Detection of volatile organic compounds in breath. Disease Markers in Exhaled Breath, Marcel Decker.","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203909195"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.10.80","article-title":"Interview: Revolutionizing personalized medicine with nanosensor technology","volume":"8","author":"Gouma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.762","article-title":"Human breath isoprene and its relation to blood cholesterol levels: New measurements","volume":"91","author":"Karl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03030","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/2\/3\/030302","article-title":"Critical issues for breath analysis","volume":"2","author":"Risby","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.1.5","article-title":"The diagnostic potential of breath analysis","volume":"29","author":"Manolis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roine, A., Saviauk, T., Kumpulainen, P., Karjalainen, M., Tuokko, A., Aittoniemi, J., Vuento, R., Lekkala, J., Lehtim\u00e4ki, T., and Tammela, T. (2014). Rapid and Accurate Detection of Urinary Pathogens by Mobile IMS-Based Electronic Nose: A Proof-of-Principle Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114279"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(02)00078-7","article-title":"Use of an electronic nose system for diagnoses of urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Pavlou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2009.11.003","article-title":"An investigation on electronic nose diagnosis of lung cancer","volume":"68","author":"Pennazza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.113","article-title":"Detection of Prostate Cancer by an Electronic Nose: A Proof of Principle Study","volume":"192","author":"Roine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3402","article-title":"An exploratory comparative study of volatile compounds in exhaled breath and emitted by skin using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry","volume":"22","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, T., and Naito, Y. (2011). Findings of skin gases and their possibilities in healthcare monitoring. Gas Biology Research in Clinical Practice, Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-8055-9665-7"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.031","article-title":"Experiences with SCRAMx alcohol monitoring technology in 100 alcohol treatment outpatients","volume":"178","author":"Alessi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1842","article-title":"Skin-emitted acetone towards self-monitoring of detection of fat metabolisms","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Yamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS 2013)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"193","article-title":"Medical aspects of ketone body metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Mitchell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med. Med. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1179\/135100008X259240","article-title":"Influence of dynamic hand-grip exercise on acetone in gas emanating from human skin","volume":"13","author":"Mori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(96)01845-X","article-title":"Analytical detection system of mixed odor vapors using chemiluminescence-based gas sensor","volume":"34","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1021\/ac010450p","article-title":"Development of a gas sensor utilizing chemiluminescence on nanosized titanium dioxide","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00296","article-title":"Ultratrace Measurement of Acetone from Skin Using Zeolite: Toward Development of a Wearable Monitor of Fat Metabolism","volume":"87","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Taguchi, N. (1970). Gas Detecting Device. (US3695848A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2904","article-title":"Electrospun Single Crystal MoO3 Nanowires for Bio-Chem sensing probes","volume":"21","author":"Gouma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Nanowires Nanotub. Spec. Issue"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"112","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Dukiwicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-006-0051-3","article-title":"Bacteria and irritable bowel syndrome: The evidence for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.075127","article-title":"Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests","volume":"55","author":"Simren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/4\/046002","article-title":"Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests","volume":"2","author":"Eisenmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.3.312","article-title":"How to interpret hydrogen breath tests","volume":"17","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026010","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/2\/026010","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in exhaled breath: A potential biomarker for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS","volume":"10","author":"Banik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"16017","article-title":"H2S detection by vertically aligned CuO nanowire array sensors","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouma, P.I., Mikaeili, F., Lee, J., Karimi, Y., and Stanacevic, M. (2019, January 26\u201329). Sensing device for breath biomarker detection. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOEN.2019.8823354"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouma, P.I., and Lee, J. (2011). Tailored 3D CuO Nanogrid Formation. J. Nanomater., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/863631"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Yu, B., and Gouma, P. (2018). MS&T Presentation, The Ohio State University."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2010.1334","article-title":"Nanosensor Device for Breath Acetone Detection","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2008). Tailored Synthesis and Characterization of Selective Metabolite-Detecting Nanoprobes for Handheld Breath Analysis, SUNY Stony Brook."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, M.A., Mathur, S., and Kolmakov, A. (2013). Selective Microstructure Synthesis and Sensing Dependencies: A WO3 study. Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5395-6"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"26","article-title":"Nanoceramic Sensors for Medical Applications","volume":"91","author":"Gouma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1021\/cm800761e","article-title":"Ferroelectric WO3 Nanoparticles for Acetone Selective Detection","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:29:45Z","timestamp":1760167785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]}}}