{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:41:38Z","timestamp":1790732498911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/25\/N\/ST8\/01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/N\/ST8\/01009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007835","name":"Silesian University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10\/060\/RGJ20\/0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\/060\/RGJ20\/0131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of characterizing the structural residual life is one of the most challenging issues of the damage tolerance concept currently applied in modern aviation. Considering the complexity of the internal architecture of composite structures widely applied for aircraft components nowadays, as well as the additional complexity related to the appearance of barely visible impact damage, prediction of the structural residual life is a demanding task. In this paper, the authors proposed a method based on detection of structural damage after low-velocity impact loading and its classification with respect to types of acting stress on constituents of composite structures using the developed processing algorithm based on segmentation of 3D X-ray computed tomograms using the rebmix package, real-oriented dual-tree wavelet transform and supporting image processing procedures. The presented algorithm allowed for accurate distinguishing of defined types of damage from X-ray computed tomograms with strong robustness to noise and measurement artifacts. The processing was performed on experimental data obtained from X-ray computed tomography of a composite structure with barely visible impact damage, which allowed better understanding of fracture mechanisms in such conditions. The gained knowledge will allow for a more accurate simulation of structural damage in composite structures, which will provide higher accuracy in predicting structural residual life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T22:06:10Z","timestamp":1639519570000},"page":"8342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Classification of Cracks in Composite Structures Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact Using Distribution-Based Segmentation and Wavelet Analysis of X-ray Tomograms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8981-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Wronkowicz-Katunin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Katunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Nagode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6778-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jernej","family":"Klemenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(94)90019-1","article-title":"Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching\u2014A review","volume":"50","author":"Dransfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Compos. 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