{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T21:55:08Z","timestamp":1781387708226,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have an advantage over optical sensors in that they are lightweight, easy to terminate, and have a high flexibility and a low cost. Additionally, FBG is highly sensitive to strain and temperature, which is why it has been used in FBG force sensor systems for cardiac catheterization. When manually inserting the catheter, the physician should sense the force at the catheter tip under the limitation of power (&lt;0.5 N). The FBG force sensor can be optimal for a catheter as it can be small, low-cost, easy to manufacture, free of electromagnetic interference, and is materially biocompatible with humans. In this study, FBG fibers mounted on two different flexure structures were designed and simulated using ANSYS simulation software to verify their sensitivity and durability for use in a catheter tip. The selected flexure was combined with three FBGs and an interrogator to obtain the wavelength signals. To obtain a calibration curve, the FBG sensor obtained data on the change in wavelength with force at a high resolution of 0.01 N within the 0.1\u20130.5 N range. The calibration curve was used in the force sensor system by the LabVIEW program to measure the unknown force values in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T01:08:09Z","timestamp":1640135289000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of Force Sensor System Based on Tri-Axial Fiber Bragg Grating with Flexure Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dongjoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong-U","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plasma Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1696-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hak","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taesung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.24217","article-title":"The plastic optical fiber cantilever beam as a force sensor","volume":"51","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microw. 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