{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:27:32Z","timestamp":1778783252811,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) plays a critical role in effective disease management and delayed disease progression. This study reports a technique that could diagnose and differentiate PD from essential tremor (ET) in its earlier stage using a non-motor phenotype. Autonomic dysfunction, an early symptom in PD patients, is caused by \u03b1-synuclein pathogenesis in the central nervous system and can be diagnosed using skin vasomotor response to cold stimuli. In this study, the investigations were performed using data collected from 20 PD, 20 ET and 20 healthy subjects. Infrared thermography was used for the cold stress test to observe subjects\u2019 hand temperature before and after cold stimuli. The results show that the recovery rate of hand temperature was significantly different between the groups. The data obtained in the cold stress test were verified using Pearson\u2019s cross-correlation technique, which showed that few disease parameters like medication and motor rating score had an impact on the recovery rate of hand temperature in PD subjects. The characteristics of the three groups were compared and classified using the k-means clustering algorithm. The sensitivity and specificity of these techniques were analyzed using an Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyzer. These results show that this non-invasive technique can be used as an effective tool in the diagnosis and differentiation of PD in its early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Non-Invasive IR Sensor Technique to Differentiate Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Other Neurological Disorders Using Autonomic Dysfunction as Diagnostic Criterion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Brindha","family":"Anbalagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EIE Department, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunitha","family":"Karnam Anantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EIE Department, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7288-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridhar","family":"Arjunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EIE Department, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkatraman","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety and Environmental Group, Department of Atomic Energy, IGCAR, Kalpakkam 603102, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menaka","family":"Murugesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety and Environmental Group, Department of Atomic Energy, IGCAR, Kalpakkam 603102, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur 603203, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00218","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and the environment","volume":"10","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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