{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:55:51Z","timestamp":1762005351691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.U1813222, No.42075129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U1813222, No.42075129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["No.E2021202179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.E2021202179"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project from Hebei Province","award":["No.19210404D, No.20351802D, No.21351803D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.19210404D, No.20351802D, No.21351803D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, wireless energy transfer (WET) is a new strategy that has the potential to essentially resolve energy and lifespan issues in a wireless sensor network (WSN). We investigate the process of a wireless energy transfer-based wireless sensor network via a wireless mobile charging device (WMCD) and develop a periodic charging scheme to keep the network operative. This paper aims to reduce the overall system energy consumption and total distance traveled, and increase the ratio of charging device vacation time. We propose an energy renewable management system based on particle swarm optimization (ERMS-PSO) to achieve energy savings based on an investigation of the total energy consumption. In this new strategy, we introduce two sets of energies called emin (minimum energy level) and ethresh (threshold energy level). When the first node reaches the emin, it will inform the base station, which will calculate all nodes that fall under ethresh and send a WMCD to charge them in one cycle. These settled energy levels help to manage when a sensor node needs to be charged before reaching the general minimum energy in the node and will help the network to operate for a long time without failing. In contrast to previous schemes in which the wireless mobile charging device visited and charged all nodes for each cycle, in our strategy, the charging device should visit only a few nodes that use more energy than others. Mathematical outcomes demonstrate that our proposed strategy can considerably reduce the total energy consumption and distance traveled by the charging device and increase its vacation time ratio while retaining performance, and ERMS-PSO is more practical for real-world networks because it can keep the network operational with less complexity than other schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["On-Demand Charging Management Model and Its Optimization for Wireless Renewable Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Mukase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kewen","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"},{"name":"Research and Product Development Department, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research, Benin City 300001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice Oluwabunmi","family":"Owoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2016.12.001","article-title":"Energy efficient cross layer based adaptive threshold routing protocol for WSN","volume":"72","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEU\u2014Int. 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