{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:26:17Z","timestamp":1791231977973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Action of Hubei Province","award":["2018skjcx01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018skjcx01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2662020DKPY003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662020DKPY003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science Innovation Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2019-620-000-001-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-620-000-001-30"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2016ZX08006002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX08006002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared thermography (IRT) imaging technology, as a convenient, efficient, and contactless temperature measurement technology, has been widely applied to animal production. In this review, we systematically summarized the principles and influencing parameters of IRT imaging technology. In addition, we also summed up recent advances of IRT imaging technology in monitoring the temperature of animal surfaces and core anatomical areas, diagnosing early disease and inflammation, monitoring animal stress levels, identifying estrus and ovulation, and diagnosing pregnancy and animal welfare. Finally, we made prospective forecast for future research directions, offering more theoretical references for related research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1642546052000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Progress on Infrared Imaging Technology in Animal Production: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7025-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuailong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingshu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Development Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dequan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Colleges of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0134","article-title":"Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects","volume":"365","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114001281","article-title":"Forty research issues for the redesign of animal production systems in the 21st century","volume":"8","author":"Dumont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Digital twins in livestock farming","volume":"11","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083913","article-title":"Use of mechanistic nutrition models to identify sustainable food animal production","volume":"8","author":"Hanigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252319000148","article-title":"A review of traditional and machine learning methods applied to animal breeding","volume":"20","author":"Nayeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1038\/544S21a","article-title":"Technology: The future of agriculture","volume":"544","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74511-0","article-title":"A computer vision approach to improving cattle digestive health by the monitoring of faecal samples","volume":"10","author":"Atkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Carpentier, L., Teng, G., Liu, M., Wang, C., and Norton, T. (2020). Assessment of laying hens\u2032 thermal comfort using sound technology. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020473"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114546","article-title":"Central mechanisms for thermoregulation","volume":"81","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.024","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on body temperature in healthy early postpartum dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Burfeind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1876256","article-title":"Safety evaluation of long-term temperature controlled whole-body thermal treatment in female Aachen minipig","volume":"38","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102664","article-title":"Advances in infrared thermography: Surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-017-0026-y","article-title":"Thermographic skin temperature measurement compared with cold sensation in predicting the efficacy and distribution of epidural anesthesia","volume":"32","author":"Bruins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.20-0052","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging associated with pain in laboratory animals","volume":"70","author":"Orihuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.034","article-title":"Non-invasive measurement of stress in dairy cows using infrared thermography","volume":"92","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000119","article-title":"Comparison of rectal and infrared thermometry temperatures in anesthetized swine (Sus scrofa)","volume":"59","author":"Farrar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"123","article-title":"A comparison of surface infrared with rectal thermometry in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Omobowale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Z., Jiang, P., and Zhang, W. (2020). Development and application of infrared thermography non-destructive testing techniques. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143851"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.02.022","article-title":"Infrared thermography: A non-invasive window into thermal physiology","volume":"202","author":"Tattersall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181281","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181281","article-title":"Reporting of thermography parameters in biology: A systematic review of thermal imaging literature","volume":"5","author":"Harrap","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perpetuini, D., Filippini, C., Cardone, D., and Merla, A. (2021). An overview of thermal infrared imaging-based screenings during pandemic emergencies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063286"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.8.S1.010901","article-title":"Review of the efficacy of infrared thermography for screening infectious diseases with applications to COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Khaksari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96900-9","article-title":"Automated processing of thermal imaging to detect COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Brzezinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109025","article-title":"Emerging thermal imaging techniques for seed quality evaluation: Principles and applications","volume":"131","author":"ElMasry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3356-3_17","article-title":"Assessing drought responses using thermal infrared imaging","volume":"1398","author":"Prashar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Bravo, S., Mendez-Espinoza, A.M., Garriga, M., Estrada, F., Escobar, A., Gonzalez-Martinez, L., Poblete-Echeverria, C., Sepulveda, D., Matus, I., and Castillo, D. (2019). Thermal imaging reliability for estimating grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination in wheat genotypes: Importance of the environmental conditions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122676"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-020-00649-7","article-title":"Phenotypic techniques and applications in fruit trees: A review","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-010-0333-5","article-title":"Applications of thermal imaging in agriculture and food Industry\u2014A review","volume":"4","author":"Vadivambal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazal, M., Basmaji, T., Yaghi, M., Alkhedher, M., Mahmoud, M., and El-Baz, A.S. (2020). Cloud-based monitoring of thermal anomalies in industrial environments using AI and the internet of robotic things. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216348"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"211","article-title":"Infrared techniques in buildings and structures: Operation and maintenance","volume":"7","author":"Ljungberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infrared Methodol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2020.103383","article-title":"Progress and trends in fault diagnosis for renewable and sustainable energy system based on infrared thermography: A review","volume":"109","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Techn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciampa, F., Mahmoodi, P., Pinto, F., and Meo, M. (2018). Recent advances in active infrared thermography for non-destructive testing of aerospace components. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020609"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103104","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.58.10.103104","article-title":"Image enhancement method for laser infrared thermography defect detection in aviation composites","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12904","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12904","article-title":"Infrared thermography as a noninvasive method to assess scrotal insulation on sperm production in beef bulls","volume":"50","author":"Menegassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.028","article-title":"Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie","volume":"99","author":"Weimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102775","article-title":"Differences in body temperature between black-and-white and red-and-white Holstein cows reared on a hot climate using infrared thermography","volume":"94","author":"Isola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1378-5","article-title":"Infrared thermography relationship between the temperature of the vulvar skin, ovarian activity, and pregnancy rates in Braford cows","volume":"49","author":"Radigonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa208","article-title":"Use of infrared thermography to noninvasively assess neonatal piglet temperature","volume":"5","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"5","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging: Fundamentals, research and applications","volume":"32","author":"Vollmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infrared Therm. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12305","DOI":"10.3390\/s140712305","article-title":"Infrared thermography for temperature measurement and non-destructive testing","volume":"14","author":"Usamentiaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minkina, W. (2021). How infrared radiation was discovered\u2014Range of this discovery and detailed, unknown information. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219824"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd8688","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd8688","article-title":"Millikelvin-resolved ambient thermography","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702820973026","article-title":"Thermal camera-based fourier transform infrared thermospectroscopic imager","volume":"75","author":"Chevalier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195520","article-title":"Infrared imaging technology and biological applications","volume":"35","author":"Kastberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging in medicine","volume":"33","author":"Ring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-90162010000500001","article-title":"Broiler surface temperature distribution of 42 day old chickens","volume":"67","author":"Romanini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.032","article-title":"Peripheral temperature drop in response to anticipation and consumption of a signaled palatable reward in laying hens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"106","author":"Moe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icn053","article-title":"Applications of thermal infrared imaging for research in aeroecology","volume":"48","author":"Hristov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.2307\/1382490","article-title":"Finding mammals using far-infrared thermal imaging","volume":"75","author":"Boonstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.03.005","article-title":"Assessment of pregnancy in the late-gestation mare using digital infrared thermography","volume":"72","author":"Bowers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112672","article-title":"The use of infrared thermography to investigate emotions in common marmosets","volume":"211","author":"Ermatinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peric, D., Livada, B., Peric, M., and Vujic, S. (2019). Thermal imager range: Predictions, expectations, and reality. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153313"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997310","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2238569","article-title":"Black-body radiation, emissivity, and absorptivity","volume":"9973","author":"Strojnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00123-X","article-title":"Emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8\u201314, \u03bcm Wave band: Analysis of two field methods","volume":"59","author":"Rubio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.03.003","article-title":"An instantaneous approach for determining the infrared emissivity of swine surface and the influencing factors","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109360","article-title":"A field study on application of infrared thermography for estimating mean radiant temperatures in large stadiums","volume":"202","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energ. Build."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-018-0546-5","article-title":"Detection of delaminations in sunlight-unexposed concrete elements of bridges using infrared thermography","volume":"38","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, G., Sutherland, M., Waas, J., Schaefer, A., Cox, N., and Stewart, M. (2019). Infrared thermography-a non-invasive method of measuring respiration rate in Calves. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080535"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1970.1076315","article-title":"IR image parametric up-conversion","volume":"6","author":"Andrews","year":"1970","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Elect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139252","article-title":"Infrared thermography for microclimate assessment in agroforestry systems","volume":"731","author":"Karvatte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-01878-0","article-title":"Infrared thermography for evaluation of the environmental thermal comfort for livestock","volume":"64","author":"Barreto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"74","article-title":"A review of methods to measure animal body temperature in precision farming","volume":"2","author":"Sellier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Tech-Iran."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102881","article-title":"Using infrared thermography to detect subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in compost barn systems","volume":"97","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey033","article-title":"Effects of subclinical footpad dermatitis and emotional arousal on surface foot temperature recorded with infrared thermography in turkey toms (Meleagris gallopavo)","volume":"97","author":"Moe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaninelli, M., Redaelli, V., Luzi, F., Bronzo, V., Mitchell, M., Dell\u2019Orto, V., Bontempo, V., Cattaneo, D., and Savoini, G. (2018). First evaluation of infrared thermography as a tool for the monitoring of udder health status in farms of dairy cows. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030862"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"23","article-title":"Thermal imaging as a potential tool for identifying piglets at risk","volume":"5","author":"Tabuaciri","year":"2016","journal-title":"AGBU Pig Genet. Workshop"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2015.11.004","article-title":"Prediction of rectal temperature using non-invasive physiologic variable measurements in hair pregnant ewes subjected to natural conditions of heat stress","volume":"55","author":"Mellado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8087","article-title":"Relationship among eye and muzzle temperatures measured using digital infrared thermal imaging and vaginal and rectal temperatures in hair sheep and cattle","volume":"92","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.11.006","article-title":"Influence of environmental factors on infrared eye temperature measurement in cattle","volume":"96","author":"Church","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-01666-x","article-title":"Infrared thermography measured body surface temperature and its relationship with rectal temperature in dairy cows under different temperature-humidity indexes","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.04.001","article-title":"Relationships of body surface thermography with core temperature, birth weight and climatic variables in neonatal lambs born during early spring in an arid region","volume":"82","author":"Mellado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4141\/A03-012","article-title":"Daily variation in the udder surface temperature of dairy cows measured by infrared thermography: Potential for mastitis detection","volume":"83","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.030","article-title":"Infrared thermography of the udder surface of dairy cattle: Characteristics, methods, and correlation with rectal temperature","volume":"199","author":"Metzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4141\/A02-104","article-title":"Early detection and prediction of infection using infrared thermography","volume":"84","author":"Schaefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"317","article-title":"Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography","volume":"180","author":"Pacheco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0618","article-title":"The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness","volume":"162","author":"Eddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2013.11.001","article-title":"Difference method for analysing infrared images in pigs with elevated body temperatures","volume":"24","author":"Siewert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2008.09.001","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography as an indicator of heat and methane production and its use in the study of skin temperature in response to physiological events in dairy cattle (Bos taurus)","volume":"33","author":"Montanholi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.09.003","article-title":"Determining the emissivity of pig skin for accurate infrared thermography","volume":"109","author":"Soerensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangorra, F.M., Redaelli, V., Luzi, F., and Zaninelli, M. (2019). The use of infrared thermography for the monitoring of udder teat stress caused by milking machines. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060384"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"108","article-title":"Relation between thermographic temperatures of lambs and thermal comfort indices","volume":"1","author":"Paim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.03.005","article-title":"Changes in eye temperature and stress assessment in horses during show jumping competitions","volume":"32","author":"Valera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2013.e11","article-title":"Impacts of stocking density on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Abudabos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, E., Perakis, A., and Meikle, W. (2019). Using thermal imaging to monitor body temperature of Koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in a zoo setting. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121094"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"e53184","article-title":"Thermal imaging to study stress non-invasively in unrestrained birds","volume":"105","author":"Jerem","year":"2015","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100205","article-title":"Evaluation of infrared thermography combined with behavioral biometrics for estrus detection in naturally cycling dairy cows","volume":"15","author":"Ambrose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.11.005","article-title":"Evaluation of infrared thermography (IRT) body temperature and collar mounted accelerometer and acoustic technology for predicting time of ovulation of cows in a pasture-based system","volume":"83","author":"Saranika","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.07.015","article-title":"Surface temperature of ewes during estrous cycle measured by infrared thermography","volume":"119","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/685","article-title":"Vulvar skin temperature changes significantly during estrus in swine as determined by digital infrared thermography","volume":"19","author":"Scolari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.01.030","article-title":"The use of digital infrared thermal imaging to detect estrus in gilts","volume":"78","author":"Sykes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.07.017","article-title":"Variations in the vulvar temperature of sows during proestrus and estrus as determined by infrared thermography and its relation to ovulation","volume":"82","author":"Lyazrhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.046","article-title":"New technologies for the study of carnivore reproduction","volume":"66","author":"Durrant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13994","article-title":"Thermal features, ambient temperature and hair coat lengths: Limitations of infrared imaging in pregnant primitive breed mares within a year","volume":"56","author":"Masko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2016.10.003","article-title":"Mapping the body surface temperature of cattle by infrared thermography","volume":"62","author":"Salles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"095","article-title":"Effects of drying and providing supplemental oxygen to piglets at birth on rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth","volume":"5","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"329","article-title":"Applications of infrared thermography in animal production","volume":"22","author":"Kunc","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fac. Agric."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0094-2","article-title":"Infrared skin temperature measurements for monitoring health in pigs: A review","volume":"57","author":"Soerensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"437","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography to measure body temperature of sows","volume":"82","author":"Traulsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zuchtungskunde"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.1.98","article-title":"Veterinary applications of infrared thermography","volume":"77","author":"Rekant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10194","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20178","article-title":"A study on the use of thermal imaging as a diagnostic tool for the detection of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle","volume":"104","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.09.012","article-title":"Improved detection of bovine respiratory disease in young bulls using rumen temperature boluses","volume":"190","author":"Timsit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"268","article-title":"Infrared thermography to evaluate lameness in pregnant sows","volume":"55","author":"Amezcua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01735-9","article-title":"Prediction models, assessment methodologies and biotechnological tools to quantify heat stress response in ruminant livestock","volume":"63","author":"Rashamol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.05.047","article-title":"The use of infrared thermography for pork quality prediction","volume":"96","author":"Weschenfelder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430060209","article-title":"Pregnancy diagnosis in zoo animals by estrogen determination in feces","volume":"6","author":"Ismail","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"74","article-title":"Infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in zebras","volume":"73","author":"Benesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zool. Gart."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"40","article-title":"Assessing pregnancy status using digital infrared thermal imaging in Holstein heifers","volume":"88","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe2171","article-title":"Animal welfare science aids conservation","volume":"370","author":"Hampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"147","article-title":"Potential application of thermography (IRT) in animal production and for animal welfare. A case report of working dogs","volume":"50","author":"Redaelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/705\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:03:03Z","timestamp":1760133783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22030705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22030705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]}}}