{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:07:48Z","timestamp":1788023268031,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ophthalmology is a highly technical specialty, especially in the area of diagnostic equipment. While the field is innovative, the access to cutting-edge technology is limited with reference to the global population. A significant way to improve overall healthcare is to understand the needs and possibilities of all possible consumers when developing sophisticated and accurate medical devices. The Smartphone-based Keratograph (SBK), is an example of a new project that uses real world feedback, addresses an unmet medical need, and implements commercially available components to create a device that is affordable, portable and simplistic to operate. The long-term goal of the SBK is to collect data from users for supervised machine-learning. This machine-learning aspect will ultimately aid in the development of an artificial intelligence device to enable even earlier detection of keratoconus, especially in children and adolescents. Again, the ultimate goal of any medical device should be to improve patient care, and to make a significant improvement on vision healthcare for the global population, providing access to this technology is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1644180018000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developing Affordable, Portable and Simplistic Diagnostic Sensors to Improve Access to Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nikki L.","family":"Hafezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Light for Sight Foundation, 8953 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"GroupAdvance Consulting, 6300 Zug, Switzerland"},{"name":"ELZA Institute AG, 8953 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"EMAGine AG, 6300 Zug, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Hafezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light for Sight Foundation, 8953 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"ELZA Institute AG, 8953 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 08). WHO\u2019s Annual World Health Statistics Report. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/342703\/9789240027053-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-012-0873-y","article-title":"Allvar Gullstrand and the slit lamp 1911","volume":"182","author":"Timoney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000408","article-title":"Global consensus on keratoconus and ectatic diseases","volume":"34","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13108","article-title":"Advanced anterior segment imaging in keratoconus: A review","volume":"46","author":"Gokul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.04.002","article-title":"Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"60","author":"Randleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20201123-02","article-title":"Corneal Cross-linking at the Slit Lamp","volume":"37","author":"Hafezi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11387","article-title":"Brillouin microscopy of collagen crosslinking: Noncontact depth-dependent analysis of corneal elastic modulus","volume":"54","author":"Scarcelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. 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