{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:17Z","timestamp":1787029637879,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We consider the state estimation of a maneuvering target in 3D using bearing and elevation measurements from a passive infrared search and track (IRST) sensor. Since the range is not observable, the sensor must perform a maneuver to observe the state of the target. The target moves with a nearly constant turn (NCT) in the XY-plane and nearly constant velocity (NCV) along the Z-axis. The natural choice for the NCT motion is to allow perturbations in speed and angular rate in the stochastic differential equation, as has been pointed out previously for a 2D scenario using range and bearing measurements. The NCT motion in the XY-plane cannot be discretized exactly, whereas the NCV motion along the Z-axis is discretized exactly. We discretize the continuous-time NCT model using the first and second-order Taylor approximations to obtain discrete-time NCT models, and we consider the polar velocity and Cartesian velocity-based states for the NCT model. The dynamic and measurement models are nonlinear in the target state. We use the cubature Kalman filter to estimate the target state. Accuracies of the first and second-order Taylor approximations are compared using the polar velocity-based and Cartesian velocity-based models using Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical results for realistic scenarios considered show that the second-order Taylor approximation provides the best accuracy using the polar velocity or Cartesian velocity-based models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1644784485000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Angle-Only Filtering of a Maneuvering Target in 3D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4836-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahendra","family":"Mallick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0789-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Morelande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Australia Bank, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1979.308793","article-title":"Kalman filter behaviour in Bearings-Only Tracking Applications","volume":"15","author":"Aidala","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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