{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:08:55Z","timestamp":1787677735819,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Prince Sultan University for enabling the publication of this article","award":["PSU 11586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSU 11586"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leukemia is one of the most dangerous types of malignancies affecting the bone marrow or blood in all age groups, both in children and adults. The most dangerous and deadly type of leukemia is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is diagnosed by hematologists and experts in blood and bone marrow samples using a high-quality microscope with a magnifying lens. Manual diagnosis, however, is considered slow and is limited by the differing opinions of experts and other factors. Thus, this work aimed to develop diagnostic systems for two Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Image Databases (ALL_IDB1 and ALL_IDB2) for the early detection of leukemia. All images were optimized before being introduced to the systems by two overlapping filters: the average and Laplacian filters. This study consists of three proposed systems as follows: the first consists of the artificial neural network (ANN), feed forward neural network (FFNN), and support vector machine (SVM), all of which are based on hybrid features extracted using Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Fuzzy Color Histogram (FCH) methods. Both ANN and FFNN reached an accuracy of 100%, while SVM reached an accuracy of 98.11%. The second proposed system consists of the convolutional neural network (CNN) models: AlexNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet-18, based on the transfer learning method, in which deep feature maps were extracted and classified with high accuracy. All the models obtained promising results for the early detection of leukemia in both datasets, with an accuracy of 100% for the AlexNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet-18 models. The third proposed system consists of hybrid CNN\u2013SVM technologies, consisting of two blocks: CNN models for extracting feature maps and the SVM algorithm for classifying feature maps. All the hybrid systems achieved promising results, with AlexNet + SVM achieving 100% accuracy, Goog-LeNet + SVM achieving 98.1% accuracy, and ResNet-18 + SVM achieving 100% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:34:47Z","timestamp":1645432487000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Multi-Method Diagnosis of Blood Microscopic Sample for Early Detection of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on Deep Learning and Hybrid Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abunadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim Mohammed","family":"Senan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33738-8","article-title":"A microfluidic device for simultaneous extraction of plasma, red blood cells, and on-chip white blood cell trapping","volume":"8","author":"Kuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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