{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:39:23Z","timestamp":1775594363051,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"National University of Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DCP-2017-020\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCP-2017-020\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Every day, vehicle accidents occur and many of them might be avoided if the drivers demonstrated excellent driving without mistakes. This paper presents a novel prototype applied in a real transportation system, particularly for buses, to avoid accidents, which may involve numerous victims, and even occasionally cause death. This system consists of a wearable device and embedded system with several sensors connected via Bluetooth, similar to the Internet of Things (IoT). Wearable devices are made to monitor the driver\u2019s heart rate and alert the driver if they are in a state of sleep deprivation to prevent any potential accidents. The embedded system includes a Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometers, and gyroscopes attached to a Smart Box mounted on the bus. The embedded system alert function will be triggered if an accident occurs and automatically sends the geolocation of the accident to the registered phone number through a message using a mobile phone. The results for all scenarios were significant when measured by an automatic accident trigger via the smart box if the value of measured values in each axis exceeded 583. In conclusion, the implementation of this innovative solution at the system-level was shown to be satisfactory in terms of the safety mechanism used by the nominated drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1646169914000},"page":"1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Prototype for Safe Driving Using Embedded Smart Box System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9987-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad","family":"Irsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosilah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Khatim","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9435-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng Chun","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Mohd Hirwani Wan","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anwar Hassan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Al-Gassim 51411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjed Sid Ahmed Mohamed Sid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Office (RIO), Global College of Engineering and Technology, P.O. Box 2546, CPO Ruwi 112, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, R., Jubair, A.M., Azmi, K., and Bakar, A. (2016, January 26\u201328). Adaptive congestion control mechanism in CoAP Application Protocol for Internet of Things (IoT). Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCom.2016.7980560"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2777786","article-title":"An IoT Cloud System for Traffic Monitoring and Vehicular Accidents Prevention Based on Mobile Sensor Data Processing","volume":"18","author":"Celesti","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, U., Nasir, A., Khan, S., Javid, T., Raza, S., and Siddiqui, A. 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