{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:27:23Z","timestamp":1791048443595,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Spain","award":["Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Spain","award":["PRE2019-08902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-08902"]}]},{"name":"Rovira i Virgili University, Spain","award":["R2B2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2B2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["PECT-Cuidem el que ens uneix"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PECT-Cuidem el que ens uneix"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work studies the feasibility of using backscatter-modulated tags to introduce false information into a signal received by a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar. A proof-of-concept spoofing device was designed in the 24 GHz ISM band. The spoofing device was based on an amplifier connected between two antennas, and modulation was carried out by switching the amplifier bias. The use of an amplifier allowed us to increase the level of spoofing signal compared with other modulated backscattering methods. The simulated and experimental results show that our method has the ability to generate a pair of false targets at different ranges and velocities depending on the modulation frequency of the chosen tag, since sidebands appear due to this modulation. Countermeasures to detect the spoofing attack based on changes in the slope of the frequency sweep between frames are also proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T20:19:10Z","timestamp":1646943550000},"page":"2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Spoofing Attacks on FMCW Radars with Low-Cost Backscatter Tags"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnau","family":"Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Villarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Girbau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2889045","article-title":"Leakage mitigation in heterodyne FMCW radar for small drone detection with stationary point concentration technique","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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