{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:37:10Z","timestamp":1787506630045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-73-10001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-73-10001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (\u00b5PADs) represent one of the promising green analytical strategies for low-cost and simple determination of various analytes. The actual task is the development of such devices for quantitation of antioxidants, e.g., flavonoids. In this paper, possibilities of a novel three-reagent \u00b5PAD including silver nitrate, 4-nitrophenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate, and iron(III) chloride as reagents are assessed with respect to the determination of dihydroquercetin. It is shown that all the three reagents produce different colorimetric responses that can be detected by a mini-spectrophotometer\u2013monitor calibrator or by a smartphone. The method is applicable to direct measuring high contents of dihydroquercetin (the linearity range is 0.026\u20131 mg mL\u22121, and the limit of detection is 7.7 \u00b5g mL\u22121), which is favorable for many dietary supplements. The analysis of a food supplement was possible with the relative standard deviations of 9\u201326%, which is satisfactory for quantitative and semiquantitative determinations. It was found that plotting a calibration graph in 3D space of the three reagents\u2019 responses allows us to distinguish dihydroquercetin from its close structural analogue, quercetin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,10]],"date-time":"2022-04-10T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1649570574000},"page":"2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Three-Reagent \u201cGreen\u201d Paper-Based Analytical Device for Solid-Phase Spectrometric and Colorimetric Determination of Dihydroquercetin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir V.","family":"Apyari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1\/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksei A.","family":"Furletov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1\/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyacheslav I.","family":"Kalinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1\/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislava G.","family":"Dmitrienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1\/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9225-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury A.","family":"Zolotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1\/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Avenue, 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.06.005","article-title":"Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices for colorimetric detection of toxic ions: A review","volume":"93","author":"Sriram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126855","article-title":"Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for environmental analysis of soil, air, ecology and river water","volume":"301","author":"Kung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-1841-4","article-title":"Lab-on-paper micro- and nano-analytical devices: Fabrication, modification, detection and emerging applications","volume":"183","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106126","article-title":"One-dollar microfluidic paper-based analytical devices: Do-it-yourself approaches","volume":"165","author":"Singhal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.09.063","article-title":"Usability as a guiding principle for the design of paper-based, point-of-care devices\u2013A review","volume":"1140","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendicho, C., Lavilla, I., Pena-Pereira, F., de la Calle, I., and Romero, V. (2021). Paper-based analytical devices for colorimetric and luminescent detection of mercury in waters: An overview. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227571"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113574","article-title":"Online and offline preconcentration techniques on paper-based analytical devices for ultrasensitive chemical and biochemical analysis: A review","volume":"194","author":"Alahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.04.008","article-title":"Single-point calibration and standard addition assays on calibrant-loaded paper-based analytical devices","volume":"201","author":"Giannoulas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.05.062","article-title":"Paper-based devices for biothiols sensing using the photochemical reduction of silver halides","volume":"1036","author":"Kappi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104447","article-title":"Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for convenient use in measurement of iodate in table salt and irrigation water","volume":"152","author":"Duangdeewong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116695","article-title":"Yellow-emitting Au\/Ag bimetallic nanoclusters with high photostability for detection of folic acid","volume":"338","author":"Ungor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC01304H","article-title":"Recent advances in lab-on-paper diagnostic devices using blood samples","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106421","article-title":"3D printed structure coated with C18 particles in an online flow system coupled to HPLC-DAD for the determination of flavonoids in citrus external peel","volume":"168","author":"Clavijo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.07.083","article-title":"Dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction for the determination of flavonoid aglycone compounds in honey using liquid chromatography with diode array detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"131","author":"Campillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202000962","article-title":"Rapid qualitative profiling and quantitative analysis of phenolics in Ribes meyeri leaves and their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities by HPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS and UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03279-7","article-title":"HPLC-MS\/MS method applied to an untargeted metabolomics approach for the diagnosis of \u201colive quick decline syndrome\u201d","volume":"414","author":"Malitesta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02528F","article-title":"Determination of quercetin: Via thin film microextraction using the in situ growth of Co-Al-layered double hydroxide nanosheets on an electrochemically anodized aluminum substrate followed by HPLC","volume":"12","author":"Alipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.04.029","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 13 phenolic bioactive compounds in guava (Psidium guajava L.) by HPLC-PAD with evaluation using PCA and Neural Network Analysis (NNA)","volume":"133","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2021.13.49","article-title":"Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay of bio-active compounds and phytochemical analyses in three species of apocynaceae","volume":"13","author":"Willie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-06119-6","article-title":"Molecular characterization, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and insecticidal activities of ethanol extract of Lentinus squarrosulus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)","volume":"48","author":"Jonathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000083","article-title":"Evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of flavonoids by an online capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme microreactor","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.120885","article-title":"Characterization of interaction between Bcl-2 oncogene promoter I-Motif DNA and flavonoids using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis","volume":"215","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2019.1624371","article-title":"Large volume sample stacking (LVSS) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with response surface methodology (RSM) for the determination of phenolics in food samples","volume":"52","author":"Memon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.05.016","article-title":"The performance of cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode in cationic surfactant media for enhancing the adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of catechol-containing flavonoid quercetin in apple juice","volume":"187","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY00507J","article-title":"A new hybrid nanocomposite electrode based on Au\/CeO2-decorated functionalized glassy carbon microspheres for the voltammetric sensing of quercetin and its interaction with DNA","volume":"12","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.10.026","article-title":"Synthesis of amine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube\/3D rose flower-like zinc oxide nanocomposite for sensitive electrochemical detection of flavonoid morin","volume":"1095","author":"Sebastian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furletov, A.A., Apyari, V.V., Garshev, A.V., Dmitrienko, S.G., and Zolotov, Y.A. (2022). Fast and sensitive determination of bioflavonoids using a new analytical system based on label-free silver triangular nanoplates. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030843"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3103\/S0027131421030044","article-title":"A method for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoid content of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera)","volume":"76","author":"Kurdyukov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mosc. Univ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.04.099","article-title":"An environmentally friendly method based on micro-cloud point extraction for determination of trace amount of quercetin in food and fruit juice samples","volume":"293","author":"Khani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.082","article-title":"Towards green analysis of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds: Extraction by a natural deep eutectic solvent and direct spectrophotometric detection","volume":"212","author":"Paradiso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.08.017","article-title":"Preconcentration of flavonoids on polyurethane foam and their direct determination by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"102","author":"Dmitrienko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.129398","article-title":"Composable paper-based analytical devices for determination of flavonoids","volume":"331","author":"Gutorova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Korenman, I.M. (1975). Photometric Analysis; Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds (Fotometricheskii Analiz. Metody Opredeleniya Organicheskikh Soedinenii), Khimiya. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e00406","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of peanut skin extract-azo-compounds","volume":"8","author":"Kyei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3103\/S0027131410040073","article-title":"Spectrophotometric determination of flavonoids using their diazotization with (4-nitrophenyl)diazonium tetrafluoroborate","volume":"65","author":"Kudrinskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mosc. Univ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1039\/a705708c","article-title":"Determination of microamounts of phenols by thermal lens spectrometry","volume":"34","author":"Chernysh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2015.06.049","article-title":"Formation of plasmonic silver nanoparticles by flavonoid reduction: A comparative study and application for determination of these substances","volume":"151","author":"Terenteva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13480K","article-title":"Flavonoid-derived anisotropic silver nanoparticles inhibit growth and change the expression of virulence genes in Escherichia coli SM10","volume":"8","author":"Osonga","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934808060038","article-title":"Using a digital camera and computer data processing for the determination of organic substances with diazotized polyurethane foams","volume":"63","author":"Apyari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934818110060","article-title":"Colorimetry in chemical analysis","volume":"73","author":"Monogarova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122648","article-title":"On paper synthesis of metal-organic framework as a chemiluminescence enhancer for estimating the total phenolic content of food samples using a smartphone readout","volume":"234","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338971","article-title":"Metal nanoparticles based lab-on-paper for phenolic compounds evaluation with no sample pretreatment. Application to extra virgin olive oil samples","volume":"1183","author":"Scroccarello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01134-3","article-title":"Paper strip-embedded graphene quantum dots: A screening device with a smartphone readout","volume":"7","author":"Orozco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"193","article-title":"Paper-based device for the detection and quantification of total polyphenols in plant-based beverages for potential use in quality assurance purposes","volume":"151","author":"Sarza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127522","article-title":"Paper-based smartphone chemosensor for reflectometric on-site total polyphenols quantification in olive oil","volume":"305","author":"Calabria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:51:02Z","timestamp":1760136662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/8\/2893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22082893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22082893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]}}}