{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T05:16:55Z","timestamp":1769318215680,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq","award":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq-465669\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPEMIG-CBB-APQ-03613-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, we describe 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine (4-DMAA)-mediated interfacing as a broad biochemical indicator to stabilize and promote the higher response of electrodes for immunological detection. We hypothesized that the improved biological interactions of 4-DMAA with electrodes and biological samples may be due to the interaction properties of the benzene and pyrazole chemical groups with graphite and proteins, respectively. In order to demonstrate that 4-DMAA could be used as a general indicator in electrochemical immunoassays, we used peptides as probes for the diagnosis of four neglected tropical infectious diseases Tegumentary leishmaniasis, Visceral leishmaniasis, Strongyloidiasis, and Leprosy on commercial graphite screen-printed electrodes. 4-DMAA oxidation was used to indicate specific biological recognition between the epitope-based peptide and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) from infected patients. We demonstrated that 4-DMAA should be incorporated into the electrodes prior to serum application, which avoids interference with its sensitivity and specificity. In addition, 4-DMAA oxidizes at a low anodic potential, and the oxidation peak is useful for detecting proteins in biological fluids. In summary, we have successfully demonstrated the broad application of 4-DMAA as a general indicator for the specific diagnosis of four infectious diseases in electrochemical immunosensors. Such a strategy is quite advantageous for indirect detection of proteins that lack electrochemical activities or are spatially inaccessible on the electrode surface. This new indicator opens a new avenue for monitoring biological recognition, especially for immunosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T23:08:36Z","timestamp":1652396916000},"page":"3681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["4-Dimethylaminoantipyrine as a Broad Electrochemical Indicator for Immunosensors Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3995-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francielli C. C.","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Amazonas s\/n Bl. 2E, sl. 248, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38402-022, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2411-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata P.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Baiano, 150, Cidade Nova, Iturama 38280-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson L.","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Amazonas s\/n Bl. 2E, sl. 248, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38402-022, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana de A. A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Amazonas s\/n Bl. 2E, sl. 248, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38402-022, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Amazonas s\/n Bl. 2E, sl. 248, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38402-022, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela M. B.","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, R. Capric\u00f3rnio, 94-Jardim Bras\u00edlia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38401-404, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7075-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo G. A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Jo\u00e3o Naves de \u00c1vila, 2121, Bloco 5T, sala 204, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guedmiller S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Jo\u00e3o Naves de \u00c1vila, 2121, Bloco 5T, sala 204, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9488-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano P.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Av. Um, n. 4.050-Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39447-790, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1803-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz R.","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Avenida Amazonas s\/n Bl. 2E, sl. 248, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38402-022, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/157341111793797617","article-title":"Electrochemical Indicators for DNA Electroanalysis","volume":"7","author":"Ferapontova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. 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