{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:06:05Z","timestamp":1788962765276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University Institute of Engineering in Health (IUIS) of the Sorbonne University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spinal cord is a major structure of the central nervous system allowing, among other things, the transmission of afferent sensory and efferent motor information. During spinal surgery, such as scoliosis correction, this structure can be damaged, resulting in major neurological damage to the patient. To date, there is no direct way to monitor the oxygenation of the spinal cord intraoperatively to reflect its vitality. This is essential information that would allow surgeons to adapt their procedure in case of ischemic suffering of the spinal cord. We report the development of a specific device to monitor the functional status of biological tissues with high resolution. The device, operating with multiple wavelengths, uses Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with other additional sensors, including ElectroNeuroGraphy (ENG). In this paper, we focused primarily on aspects of the PhotoPlethysmoGram (PPG), emanating from four different light sources to show in real time and record biological signals from the spinal cord in transmission and reflection modes. This multispectral system was successfully tested in in vivo experiments on the spinal cord of a pig for specific medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:18:11Z","timestamp":1653005891000},"page":"3840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intraoperative Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Hemodynamics Using Multiwavelength Imaging System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Mainard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne-de-Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, Avenue Eug\u00e8ne-Avin\u00e9e, 59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire D\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), CNRS UMR7606, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Tsiakaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERVO, Biomedical Microsystems Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), CNRS UMR7606, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Denoulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), CNRS UMR7606, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Messaoudene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), CNRS UMR7606, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Vialle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Group \u201cRIC\u201d Robotics and Surgical Innovations, GRC-33 Sorbonne University, 26 Avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6444-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Feruglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), CNRS UMR7606, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 4 Place Jussieu, CEDEX 05, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.009","article-title":"The Spinal Cord: A Review of Functional Neuroanatomy","volume":"31","author":"Bican","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","article-title":"Spinal-Cord Injury","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000197188.76369.13","article-title":"Complications in spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the new millennium. A report of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Committee","volume":"31","author":"Coe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815a5970","article-title":"Neural Complications in the Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"32","author":"Diab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.004789","article-title":"Evaluation of Hyperspectral NIRS for Quantitative Measurements of Tissue Oxygen Saturation by Comparison to Time-Resolved NIRS","volume":"10","author":"Kewin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"488","article-title":"Oxygen Saturation Monitoring","volume":"68","author":"Iacobelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0304-2","article-title":"Monitoring Spinal Cord Hemodynamics and Tissue Oxygenation: A Review of the Literature with Special Focus on the near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique","volume":"57","author":"Rashnavadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Ji, Z., and Sun, C. (2021). A Review of Monitoring Methods for Cerebral Blood Oxygen Saturation. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9091104"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.20.060191.000245","article-title":"Optical Method","volume":"20","author":"Chance","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199","article-title":"Noninvasive, Infrared Monitoring of Cerebral and Myocardial Oxygen Sufficiency and Circulatory Parameters","volume":"198","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep299","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as an Index of Brain and Tissue Oxygenation","volume":"103","author":"Murkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.11.004","article-title":"Systematic Review of Clinical Applications of Monitoring Muscle Tissue Oxygenation with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Vascular Disease","volume":"104","author":"Boezeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(1985). Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS): Analysis of Forage Quality."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.045","article-title":"NIRS in Clinical Neurology\u2014A \u2018Promising\u2019 Tool?","volume":"85","author":"Obrig","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0046","article-title":"Quantification in Tissue near\u2013Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"352","author":"Chance","year":"1997","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2018.01.026","article-title":"Toward the Monitoring of the Spinal Cord: A Feasibility Study","volume":"88","author":"Tsiakaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.004313","article-title":"Multi-Wavelength Photoplethysmography Method for Skin Arterial Pulse Extraction","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041413","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.4.4.041413","article-title":"Wearable and Modular Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Instrument with Multidistance Measurements at Four Wavelengths","volume":"4","author":"Wyser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiakaka, O., Gosselin, B., and Feruglio, S. (2020). Source-Detector Spectral Pairing-Related Inaccuracies in Pulse Oximetry: Evaluation of the Wavelength Shift. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113302"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180076","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.76","article-title":"An Optimal Filter for Short Photoplethysmogram Signals","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.002550","article-title":"Systematic investigation of changes in oxidized cerebral cytochrome c oxidase concentration during frontal lobe activation in healthy adults","volume":"3","author":"Kolyva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.08.022","article-title":"Blood Pressure Estimation from Appropriate and Inappropriate PPG Signals Using A Whole-Based Method","volume":"47","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.26.10.100901","article-title":"Beer-Lambert Law for Optical Tissue Diagnostics: Current State of the Art and the Main Limitations","volume":"26","author":"Oshina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1995.1252","article-title":"Performance Comparison of Several Published Tissue Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Algorithms","volume":"227","author":"Matcher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0075-9_5","article-title":"Monte-Carlo Simulation of Light Transport for NIRS Measurements in Tumors of Elliptic Geometry","volume":"530","author":"Pavlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.10.105004","article-title":"General Equation for the Differential Pathlength Factor of the Frontal Human Head Depending on Wavelength and Age","volume":"18","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81371-9","article-title":"Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of the Rat, Cat, Pig, Monkey, and Human","volume":"11","author":"Toossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.01.060","article-title":"Anatomy of Spinal Cord Blood Supply in the Pig","volume":"83","author":"Strauch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1583\/10-3224.1","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Spinal Cord Ischemia during Hybrid Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair","volume":"18","author":"Moerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2010.01.011","article-title":"Use of Spinal Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Spinal Cord Perfusion During Endovascular Thoracic Aortic Repairs","volume":"25","author":"Badner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.03.003","article-title":"Predicting Outcomes After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"31","author":"Chay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.53.6.0756","article-title":"The Effect of Spinal Distraction on Regional Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Cats","volume":"53","author":"Dolan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.05.024","article-title":"The Pathologic Mechanisms Underlying Lumbar Distraction Spinal Cord Injury in Rabbits","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200210000-00004","article-title":"Mechanisms of Signal Change during Intraoperative Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring of the Spinal Cord","volume":"19","author":"Seyal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodler, J., Kubik-Huch, R.A., and von Schulthess, G.K. (2020). Spinal Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020\u20132023: Diagnostic Imaging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38490-6"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30138-3","article-title":"MRI in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: From Clinical Assessment to Neuroimaging Biomarkers","volume":"18","author":"Freund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","article-title":"Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"39","author":"Eli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.SPINE151317","article-title":"Safety Profile and Probe Placement Accuracy of Intraspinal Pressure Monitoring for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Injured Spinal Cord Pressure Evaluation Study","volume":"25","author":"Phang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000028","article-title":"Monitoring of Spinal Cord Perfusion Pressure in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Initial Findings of the Injured Spinal Cord Pressure Evaluation Study","volume":"42","author":"Werndle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1177","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001678","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Combined Multimodality Somatosensory Evoked Potential and Transcranial Motor Evoked Potential Intraoperative Monitoring in Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"41","author":"Thirumala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.01.017","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring during Scoliosis Fusion","volume":"30","author":"Thirumala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.FOCUS17364","article-title":"Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Alerts in a Pediatric Deformity Center","volume":"43","author":"Zuccaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200711000-00015","article-title":"Neurophysiological Detection of Impending Spinal Cord Injury during Scoliosis Surgery","volume":"89","author":"Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Roh, D., Park, J., and Shin, H. (2019). Design of Multi-Wavelength Optical Sensor Module for Depth-Dependent Photoplethysmography. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245441"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, M., Park, H.-K., and Kim, I.Y. (2020). Motion Artifact Reduction in Wearable Photoplethysmography Based on Multi-Channel Sensors with Multiple Wavelengths. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051493"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, S., Hu, S., Mulvaney, D., Barrett, L., Yan, L., Blanos, P., Elsahar, Y., and Adema, S. (2018). Oxygen Saturation Measurements from Green and Orange Illuminations of Multi-Wavelength Optoelectronic Patch Sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0578.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rold\u00e1n, M., and Kyriacou, P.A. (2021). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051586"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"135","article-title":"Oscillations in the Near-Infrared Signal in Patients with Severe Head Injury","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7756-4_2","article-title":"Analysis of the Changes in the Oxidation of Brain Tissue Cytochrome-c-Oxidase in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients during Hypercapnoea: A Broadband NIRS Study","volume":"701","author":"Tachtsidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4989-8_10","article-title":"Normobaric Hyperoxia Does Not Change Optical Scattering or Pathlength but Does Increase Oxidised Cytochrome C Oxidase Concentration in Patients with Brain Injury","volume":"765","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6837-0_35","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Patients with Severe Brain Injury and Elevated Intracranial Pressure. A Pilot Study","volume":"70","author":"Kampfl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medici.2014.10.001","article-title":"Predictive Value of Early Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"50","author":"Gedminas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9849-7","article-title":"Continuous Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Hemodynamics during Head-of-Bed Manipulation in Brain-Injured Adults","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00007","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Intraoperative Monitoring of the Spinal Cord","volume":"27","author":"Macnab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"376","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry Is Useful to Detect the Beneficial Pharmacological Effects of Alprostadil on Spinal Cord Deoxygenation","volume":"14","author":"Kunihara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.6.065003","article-title":"Laser Safety in Fiber-Optic Monitoring of Spinal Cord Hemodynamics: A Preclinical Evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Busch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000883","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Monitoring of Spinal Cord Hemodynamics in Experimental Aortic Occlusion","volume":"123","author":"Kogler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7012","article-title":"Multi-Site Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Ischemia during Spine Distraction","volume":"37","author":"Busch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"107","article-title":"Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Subcellular Damage after Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"Volume 10501","author":"Shadgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XVIII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6208","article-title":"Optical Assessment of Spinal Cord Tissue Oxygenation Using a Miniaturized Near Infrared Spectroscopy Sensor","volume":"36","author":"Shadgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7086","article-title":"Continuous Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Oxygenation and Hemodynamics during the First Seven Days Post-Injury in a Porcine Model of Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"37","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiakaka, O., Terosiet, M., Romain, O., Histace, A., Benali, H., Pradat, P.-F., Vallette, F., Feher, M., and Feruglio, S. (2015, January 25\u201329). In Vivo NIRS Monitoring in Pig Spinal Cord Tissues. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319336"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"135","article-title":"Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Hemodynamics, a Feasibility Study","volume":"Volume 10072","author":"Shadgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XVII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01956.x","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring during Pediatric Aortic Coarctation Repair","volume":"16","author":"Berens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.08.018","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring of the Collateral Network Prior to, during, and after Thoracoabdominal Aortic Repair: A Pilot Study","volume":"46","author":"Etz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.10.032","article-title":"Spinal Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements during and after Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Pilot Study","volume":"99","author":"Boezeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.10.092","article-title":"Spinal Cord Perfusion and Protection During Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery: The Collateral Network Concept","volume":"83","author":"Griepp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.054","article-title":"Intraoperative Assessment of Human Spinal Cord Perfusion Using near Infrared Spectroscopy with Indocyanine Green Tracer Technique","volume":"13","author":"Amiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(02)00356-3","article-title":"Fluorescence-Enhanced, near Infrared Diagnostic Imaging with Contrast Agents","volume":"6","author":"Houston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:14:35Z","timestamp":1760138075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/10\/3840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s22103840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]}}}