{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:14:06Z","timestamp":1789740846467,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time performance and global consistency are extremely important in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problems. Classic lidar-based SLAM systems often consist of front-end odometry and back-end pose optimization. However, due to expensive computation, it is often difficult to achieve loop-closure detection without compromising the real-time performance of the odometry. We propose a SLAM system where scan-to-submap-based local lidar odometry and global pose optimization based on submap construction as well as loop-closure detection are designed as separated from each other. In our work, extracted edge and surface feature points are inserted into two consecutive feature submaps and added to the pose graph prepared for loop-closure detection and global pose optimization. In addition, a submap is added to the pose graph for global data association when it is marked as in a finished state. In particular, a method to filter out false loops is proposed to accelerate the construction of constraints in the pose graph. The proposed method is evaluated on public datasets and achieves competitive performance with pose estimation frequency over 15 Hz in local lidar odometry and low drift in global consistency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Real-Time Lidar Odometry and Mapping with Loop Closure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6632-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1928-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengqing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Singh, S. 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