{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:10:09Z","timestamp":1768097409521,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Japanese Government and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)","award":["304\/CIPPM\/6150185\/A119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CIPPM\/6150185\/A119"]}]},{"name":"the Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)","award":["304\/CIPPM\/6150185\/A119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CIPPM\/6150185\/A119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide health anxiety. The rapid dispersion of the infection globally results in unparalleled economic, social, and health impacts. The pathogen that causes COVID-19 is known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A fast and low-cost diagnosis method for COVID-19 disease can play an important role in controlling its proliferation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a quick, non-destructive, non-invasive, and inexpensive technique for profiling the chemical and physical structures of a wide range of samples. Furthermore, the NIRS has the advantage of incorporating the internet of things (IoT) application for the effective control and treatment of the disease. In recent years, a significant advancement in instrumentation and spectral analysis methods has resulted in a remarkable impact on the NIRS applications, especially in the medical discipline. To date, NIRS has been applied as a technique for detecting various viruses including zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), influenza, hepatitis C, dengue (DENV), and human immunodeficiency (HIV). This review aims to outline some historical and contemporary applications of NIRS in virology and its merit as a novel diagnostic technique for SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Potential COVID-19 Early Detection Method: A Review and Future Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Muna E.","family":"Raypah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma Nadia","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mawaddah","family":"Mohd Azlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nik Yusnoraini","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fariza Hanim","family":"Suhailin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafidah Hanim","family":"Shueb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irneza","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Devices & System (ADS) Research Group, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatin Hamimi","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Duong Bang, D., and Wolff, A. 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