{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:13:55Z","timestamp":1788347635954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this research, a heartbeat classification method is presented based on evolutionary feature optimization using differential evolution (DE) and classification using a probabilistic neural network (PNN) to discriminate between normal and arrhythmic heartbeats. The proposed method follows four steps: (1) preprocessing, (2) heartbeat segmentation, (3) DE feature optimization, and (4) PNN classification. In this method, we have employed direct signal amplitude points constituting the heartbeat acquired from the ECG holter device with no secondary feature extraction step usually used in case of hand-crafted, frequency transformation or other features. The heartbeat types include normal, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, premature ventricular contraction, atrial premature, ventricular escape, ventricular flutter and paced beat. Using ECG records from the MIT-BIH, heartbeats are identified to start at 250 ms before and end at 450 ms after the respective R-peak positions. In the next step, the DE method is applied to reduce and optimize the direct heartbeat features. Although complex and highly computational ECG heartbeat classification algorithms have been proposed in the literature, they failed to achieve high performance in detecting some minority heartbeat categories, especially for imbalanced datasets. To overcome this challenge, we propose an optimization step for the deep CNN model using a novel classification metric called the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). This function focuses on arrhythmia (minority) heartbeat classes by increasing their importance. Maximum MCC is used as a fitness function to identify the optimum combination of features for the uncorrelated and non-uniformly distributed eight beat class samples. The proposed DE-PNN scheme can provide better classification accuracy considering 8 classes with only 36 features optimized from a 253 element feature set implying an 85.77% reduction in direct amplitude features. Our proposed method achieved overall 99.33% accuracy, 94.56% F1, 93.84% sensitivity, and 99.21% specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["DE-PNN: Differential Evolution-Based Feature Optimization with Probabilistic Neural Network for Imbalanced Arrhythmia Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amnah","family":"Nasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioComputing Lab., Institute for Bio-Engineering Application Technology, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KOREATECH, Cheonan 31253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0416-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Sang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioComputing Lab., Institute for Bio-Engineering Application Technology, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KOREATECH, Cheonan 31253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-1021-6","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of wearable and wireless ECG monitoring systems for older adults","volume":"51","author":"Baig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. 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