{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T07:40:50Z","timestamp":1786866050479,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS\u2014UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0923"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to achieve the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of two hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and caffeic acid) from standard solutions and from a phyto-homeopathic product using a carbon nanofiber-based screen-printed sensor (CNF\/SPE). The two compounds are mentioned in the manufacturer\u2019s specifications but without indicating their concentrations. The stability and reproducibility of the CNF\/SPE were found to be effective and the sensitivity was high for both caffeic acid\u2014CA (limit of detection 2.39 \u00d7 10\u22127 M) and ferrulic acid\u2014FA (limit of detection 2.33 \u00d7 10\u22127 M). The antioxidant capacity of the compounds in the analyzed product was also determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The electrochemical method was efficient and less expensive than other analytical methods; therefore, its use can be extended for the detection of these phenolic compounds in various dietary supplements or pharmaceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1655871121000},"page":"4689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Simultaneous Determination of Caffeic Acid and Ferulic Acid Using a Carbon Nanofiber-Based Screen-Printed Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Virginia","family":"Bounegru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u0163i, 47 Domneasc\u0103 Street, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3823-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Apetrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u0163i, 47 Domneasc\u0103 Street, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwyer, J.T., Coates, P.M., and Smith, M.J. (2018). Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010041"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajner-Czopek, A., Gertchen, M., Rytel, E., Kita, A., Kucharska, A.Z., and Sok\u00f3\u0142-\u0141\u0119towska, A. (2020). Study of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Having High Content of Caffeic Acid Derivatives. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050412"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, A., Cristiano, M.C., Pandolfo, R., Greco, M., Fresta, M., and Paolino, D. (2021). Improvement of Ferulic Acid Antioxidant Activity by Multiple Emulsions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020425"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.G., and Apetrei, C. (2022). A Review on Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Used in Assessing Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030584"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v19i6.17","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Caffeic Acid in a Rat Model of Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad Abdul Kadar, N.N., Ahmad, F., Teoh, S.L., and Yahaya, M.F. (2021). Caffeic Acid on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185490"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2020.1733012","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Symptoms in Mice via Its Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effect","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111555","article-title":"Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Caffeic Acid: In Vivo Evidences in a Model of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss","volume":"143","author":"Paciello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01887-7","article-title":"Phytophospholipid Complex of Caffeic Acid: Development, In Vitro Characterization, and In Vivo Investigation of Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Action in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Mangrulkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105759","article-title":"Caffeic Acid and Its Derivatives as Potential Modulators of Oncogenic Molecular Pathways: New Hope in the Fight against Cancer","volume":"171","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasheed, H., Ahmad, D., and Bao, J. (2022). Genetic Diversity and Health Properties of Polyphenols in Potato. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040603"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ay25563d","article-title":"Rapid Simultaneous Electrochemical Sensing of Tea Polyphenols","volume":"4","author":"Thangaraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.05.062","article-title":"Determination of Polyphenolic Compounds in Cirsium Palustre (L.) Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescence Detection","volume":"133","author":"Malejko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b01724","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Grapes and Wines","volume":"65","author":"Buica","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY00929H","article-title":"Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Polyphenolic Profiles in the Characterization and Classification of Cranberry-Based Pharmaceutical Preparations and Natural Extracts","volume":"8","author":"Parets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"How polyphenols can help on the authentication of berry-based natural and pharmaceutical extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques","volume":"3","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Antioxid. Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.06.041","article-title":"Colorimetric Multienzymatic Smart Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide, Glucose and Catechol Screening Analysis","volume":"204","author":"Hosu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112913","article-title":"Advanced Sensing Technologies of Phenolic Compounds for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis","volume":"179","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201200696","article-title":"Simple and Fast Determination of Phenolic Compounds from Different Varieties of Olive Oil by Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis with UV-Visible and Fluorescence Detection: Electrodriven Separations","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.-G., and Apetrei, C. (2021). Electrochemical Determination of Chlorogenic Acid in Nutraceuticals Using Voltammetric Sensors Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Graphene and Gold Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168897"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8504","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.09.48","article-title":"Simultaneous Quantitation of Caffeic Acid and Ferulic Acid Based on Graphite-like C3N4\/Chitosan Modified Film","volume":"12","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.07.021","article-title":"Electrochemical Study for the Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Emerging Pollutant Using an Electroanalytical Sensing System Based on Carbon Nanotubes\/Surfactant and Multivariate Approach in the Optimization","volume":"124","author":"Gorla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.042","article-title":"Poly (Dopamine Quinone-Chromium (III) Complex) Microspheres as New Modifier for Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"102","author":"Shahbakhsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.004","article-title":"Layering of a Film of Carboxymethyl-Botryosphaeran onto Carbon Black as a Novel Sensitive Electrochemical Platform on Glassy Carbon Electrodes for the Improvement in the Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"287","author":"Eisele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.12.016","article-title":"Selective Covalent Immobilization of Catechol on Activated Carbon Electrodes","volume":"641","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1021\/la100462r","article-title":"Electrochemical-Assisted Encapsulation of Catechol on a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode","volume":"26","author":"Swetha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinu, A., and Apetrei, C. (2022). A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031218"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.104","article-title":"Carbon Nanofiber Screen Printed Electrode Joined to a Flow Injection System for Nimodipine Sensing","volume":"220","author":"Squella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201300065","article-title":"Sensitive Determination of Nitrofurantoin by Flow Injection Analysis Using Carbon Nanofiber Screen Printed Electrodes","volume":"25","author":"Squella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2335534","article-title":"Study of Different Carbonaceous Materials as Modifiers of Screen-Printed Electrodes for Detection of Catecholamines","volume":"15","author":"Apetrei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounegru, A.V., and Apetrei, C. (2020). Development of a Novel Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanofibers\u2013Gold Nanoparticles\u2013Tyrosinase for the Detection of Ferulic Acid in Cosmetics. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236724"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ghinjul, A. (2022, May 25). Studiul Capacit\u0103\u0163ii Antioxidante \u015ei Con\u0163inutul Total de Polifenoli Din Mentha Piperita. Available online: https:\/\/jes.utm.md\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/12\/15.-STUDIUL-CAPACIT%C4%82%C5%A2II-ANTIOXIDANTE-%C8%98I-CON%C5%A2INUTUL-TOTAL-DE-POLIFENOLI-DIN-MENTHA-PIPERITA-A.-Ghinjul.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Contents of Selected Medicinal Plants of Mizoram","volume":"6","author":"Jagetia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Determination of Tocopherols (Vitamin E) by Reduction of Cupric Ion","volume":"65","author":"Strong","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.04.014","article-title":"Electropolymerization of Ferulic Acid on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Versatile Platform for NADH, Dopamine and Epinephrine Separate Detection","volume":"133","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-005-6723-0","article-title":"Electrochemical Oxidation of Ferulic Acid in Aqueous Solutions at Gold Oxide and Lead Dioxide Electrodes","volume":"35","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.04.052","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Au@\u03b1-Fe2O3@RGO Ternary Nanocomposites for Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing of Caffeic Acid toward Biomedical Applications","volume":"750","author":"Bharath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounegru, A.V., and Apetrei, C. (2020). Voltammetric Sensors Based on Nanomaterials for Detection of Caffeic Acid in Food Supplements. Chemosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8020041"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.069","article-title":"An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electro-Polymerization of Caffeic Acid and Zn\/Ni-ZIF-8\u2013800 on Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Sensitive Detection of Acetaminophen","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161208145508","article-title":"Chemical Properties of Caffeic and Ferulic Acids in Biological System: Implications in Cancer Therapy. A Review","volume":"23","author":"Damasceno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.20964\/2020.03.30","article-title":"Determining Caffeic Acid in Food Samples Using a Voltammetric Sensor Amplified by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Room Temperature Ionic Liquid","volume":"15","author":"Abdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3117-7","article-title":"Voltammetric Determination of Caffeic Acid by Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with a Chitosan-Protected Nanohybrid Composed of Carbon Black and Reduced Graphene Oxide","volume":"186","author":"Pandian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00585-z","article-title":"A Rapid Voltammetric Strategy for Determination of Ferulic Acid Using Electrochemical Nanostructure Tool in Food Samples","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Meas."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532002000300007","article-title":"Electrochemistry of Caffeic Acid Aqueous Solutions with PH 2.0 to 8.5","volume":"13","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)16146-3","article-title":"Electrochemical Properties of Chlorogenic Acids and Determination of Their Content in Coffee Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry","volume":"11","author":"Tomac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532011000400012","article-title":"Electrochemical Oxidation of Caffeic and Ferulic Acid Derivatives in Aprotic Medium","volume":"22","author":"Astudillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40084k","article-title":"Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Ferulic Acid Based on a Graphene Modified Glass Carbon Electrode","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.02.042","article-title":"Multisensor System Based on Bisphthalocyanine Nanowires for the Detection of Antioxidants","volume":"68","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-005-0374-z","article-title":"Application of a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Poly(Glutamic Acid) in Caffeic Acid Determination","volume":"151","author":"Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200704175","article-title":"Determination of Caffeic Acid in Red Wine by Voltammetric Method","volume":"20","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105297","article-title":"A Lab-Made Screen-Printed Electrode as a Platform to Study the Effect of the Size and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Voltammetric Determination of Caffeic Acid","volume":"158","author":"Camargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.128","article-title":"Engineered Photoelectrochemical Platform for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Caffeic Acid Based on Flower-like MoS2 and PANI Nanotubes Nanohybrid","volume":"276","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193509020074","article-title":"Electrochemical Determination of Ferulic Acid in Chinese Traditional Medicine Xiao Yao Pills at Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotube","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russ. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.26.907","article-title":"Voltammetric Determination of Ferulic Acid by Didodecyldimethylammonium Bromide\/Nafion Composite Film-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3390\/nano5041704","article-title":"Voltammetric Determination of Ferulic Acid Using Polypyrrole-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode with Sample Application","volume":"5","author":"Newair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13039","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013039","article-title":"Simple and Rapid Determination of Ferulic Acid Levels in Food and Cosmetic Samples Using Paper-Based Platforms","volume":"13","author":"Nunant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.11.045","article-title":"Caffeic and Ferulic Acids: An Investigation of the Effect of Antioxidants on the Stability of Soybean Biodiesel during Storage","volume":"107","author":"Damasceno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.G., and Apetrei, C. (2022). Tyrosinase-Based Biosensor\u2014A New Tool for Chlorogenic Acid Detection in Nutraceutical Formulations. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093221"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251754","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/251754","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic Acid Antioxidants: An Electrochemical Overview","volume":"2013","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4689\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:03Z","timestamp":1760139423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]}}}