{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1781800657546,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conseil scientifique de la fili\u00e8re \u00e9quine","award":["CS_2019_44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS_2019_44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting fatigue during training sessions would help riders and trainers to optimize their training. It has been shown that fatigue could affect movement patterns. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are wearable sensors that measure linear accelerations and angular velocities, and can also provide orientation estimates. These sensors offer the possibility of a non-invasive and continuous monitoring of locomotion during training sessions. However, the indicators extracted from IMUs and their ability to show these locomotion changes are not known. The present study aims at defining which kinematic variables and indicators could highlight locomotion changes during a training session expected to be particularly demanding for the horses. Heart rate and lactatemia were measured to attest for the horse\u2019s fatigue following the training session. Indicators derived from acceleration, angular velocities, and orientation estimates obtained from nine IMUs placed on 10 high-level dressage horses were compared before and after a training session using a non-parametric Wilcoxon paired test. These indicators were correlation coefficients (CC) and root mean square deviations (RMSD) comparing gait cycle kinematics measured before and after the training session and also movement smoothness estimates (SPARC, LDLJ). Heart rate and lactatemia measures did not attest to a significant physiological fatigue. However, the statistics show an effect of the training session (p &lt; 0.05) on many CC and RMSD computed on the kinematic variables, indicating a change in the locomotion with the training session as well as on SPARCs indicators (p &lt; 0.05), and revealing here a change in the movement smoothness both in canter and trot. IMUs seem then to be able to track locomotion pattern modifications due to training. Future research should be conducted to be able to fully attribute the modifications of these indicators to fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"4981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of Horse Locomotion Modifications Due to Training with Inertial Measurement Units: A Proof-of-Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0660-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Pasquiet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau technique \u00abEquitation et performance sportive\u00bb, Institut fran\u00e7ais du cheval et de l\u2019\u00e9quitation, Avenue de l\u2019\u00c9cole Nationale d\u2019\u00c9quitation, 49411 Saumur, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Biau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau technique \u00abEquitation et performance sportive\u00bb, Institut fran\u00e7ais du cheval et de l\u2019\u00e9quitation, Avenue de l\u2019\u00c9cole Nationale d\u2019\u00c9quitation, 49411 Saumur, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Tr\u00e9bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe Robotique, Biom\u00e9canique, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Institut PPRIME, UPR3346 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers ENSMA, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Debril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Analyse d\u2019Image et Performance Sportive, CREPS de Poitiers, 86580 Vouneuil sous Biard, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Analyse d\u2019Image et Performance Sportive, CREPS de Poitiers, 86580 Vouneuil sous Biard, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laetitia","family":"Fradet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe Robotique, Biom\u00e9canique, Sport, Sant\u00e9, Institut PPRIME, UPR3346 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers ENSMA, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S769","article-title":"Effects of Training Fatigue on Performance","volume":"16","author":"Raiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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