{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T23:05:18Z","timestamp":1773875118660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61902058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Northeastern University\u2019s 16th session (2022) Innovation Training Program for College Students","award":["61801104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801104"]}]},{"name":"Northeastern University\u2019s 16th session (2022) Innovation Training Program for College Students","award":["61902058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61902058"]}]},{"name":"Northeastern University\u2019s 16th session (2022) Innovation Training Program for College Students","award":["221278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia; therefore, AF detection is crucial. Here, we propose a novel feature extraction method to improve AF detection performance using a ballistocardiogram (BCG), which is a weak vibration signal on the body surface transmitted by the cardiogenic force. In this paper, continuous time windows (CTWs) are added to each BCG segment and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) features are extracted from each time window. Then, the number of CTWs is discussed and the combined features from multiple time windows are ranked, which finally constitute the CTW\u2013RQA features. As validation, the CTW\u2013RQA features are extracted from 4000 BCG segments of 59 subjects, which are compared with classical time and time-frequency features and up-to-date energy features. The accuracy of the proposed feature is superior, and three types of features are fused to obtain the highest accuracy of 95.63%. To evaluate the importance of the proposed feature, the fusion features are ranked using a chi-square test. CTW\u2013RQA features account for 60% of the first 10 fusion features and 65% of the first 17 fusion features. It follows that the proposed CTW\u2013RQA features effectively supplement the existing BCG features for AF detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1658724767000},"page":"5516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantitative Analysis Using Consecutive Time Window for Unobtrusive Atrial Fibrillation Detection Based on Ballistocardiogram Signal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tianqing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5822-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangfang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jitao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"BOBO Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595140","article-title":"Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence","volume":"114","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study","volume":"285","author":"Go","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31072-3","article-title":"The future of atrial fibrillation management: Integrated care and stratified therapy","volume":"390","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 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