{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:11:43Z","timestamp":1780596703617,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR001449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001449"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P20 AA017068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 AA017068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior studies indicate differences in brain volume and neurophysiological responses of musicians relative to non-musicians. These differences are observed in the sensory, motor, parietal, and frontal cortex. Children with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience deficits in auditory, motor, and executive function domains. Therefore, we hypothesized that short-term music training in children with an FASD due to prenatal alcohol exposure may improve brain function. Children (N = 20) with an FASD were randomized to participate in either five weeks of piano training or to a control group. Selective attention was evaluated approximately seven weeks apart (pre-\/post-music training or control intervention), examining longitudinal effects using the Attention Networks Test (ANT), a well-established paradigm designed to evaluate attention and inhibitory control, while recording EEG. There was a significant group by pre-\/post-intervention interaction for the P250 ms peak of the event-related potential and for theta (4\u20137 Hz) power in the 100\u2013300 ms time window in response to the congruent condition when the flanking stimuli were oriented congruently with the central target stimulus in fronto-central midline channels from Cz to Fz. A trend for improved reaction time at the second assessment was observed for the music trained group only. These results support the hypothesis that music training changes the neural indices of attention as assessed by the ANT in children with an FASD. This study should be extended to evaluate the effects of music training relative to a more closely matched active control and determine whether additional improvements emerge with longer term music training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"5642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Music Training on Attention in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dathan C.","family":"Gleichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F. L.","family":"Pinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, 2300 Menaul Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, 2300 Menaul Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaynie H.","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Music Therapy\u2014A Sound Approach, 1212 Daskalos Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyadasa","family":"Kodituwakku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Development and Disability, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, 2300 Menaul Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.11.4","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral effects of prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"6","author":"Kodituwakku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01769.x","article-title":"Delays in auditory processing identified in preschool children with FASD","volume":"36","author":"Stephen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. 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