{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:59:21Z","timestamp":1760230761674,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SBRI Healthcare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multiscale modelling approach has been applied to the simulation of the electrical properties of oral tissue, for the purpose of informing an electrical impedance-based method of oral potential malignant disorder (OPMD) diagnosis. Finite element models of individual cell types, with geometry informed by histological analysis of human oral tissue (normal, hyperplastic and dysplastic), were generated and simulated to obtain electrical parameters. These were then used in a histology-informed tissue scale model, including the electrode geometry of the ZedScan tetrapolar impedance-measurement device. The simulations offer insight into the feasibility of distinguishing moderate dysplasia from severe dysplasia or healthy tissue. For some oral sites, simulated spectra agreed with real measurements previously collected using ZedScan. However, similarities between simulated spectra for dysplastic, keratinised and non-dysplastic but hyperkeratinised tissue suggest that significant keratinisation could cause some OPMD tissues to exhibit larger than expected impedance values. This could lead to misidentification of OPMD spectra as healthy. Sources of uncertainty within the models were identified and potential remedies proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"5913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Computational Modelling for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Diagnosis of Oral Potential Malignant Disorders (OPMD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"James P.","family":"Heath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith D.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26992","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of conventional oral examination for detecting oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients with clinically evident oral lesions: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Essat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2015.05.023","article-title":"Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: Toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials","volume":"120","author":"Speight","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904036","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904036","article-title":"The Analysis of Impedance Spectra for Core-Shell Microstructures: Why a Multiformalism Approach is Essential","volume":"29","author":"Heath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3111-2.50008-0","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Tissue and Cell Suspensions","volume":"5","author":"Schwan","year":"1957","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emran, S., Lappalainen, R., Kullaa, A.M., and Myllymaa, S. (2018). Concentric Ring Probe for Bioimpedance Spectroscopic Measurements: Design and Ex Vivo Feasibility Testing on Pork Oral Tissues. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103378"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Nicander, I. (1998). Electrical Impedance Related to Experimental Induced Changes of Human Skin and Oral Mucosa, Karolinska Institue."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09479.x","article-title":"Virtual biopsies in Barrett\u2019s esophagus using an impedance probe","volume":"873","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)09095-9","article-title":"Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-5-62","article-title":"Comparison of human uterine cervical electrical impedance measurements derived using two tetrapolar probes of different sizes","volume":"5","author":"Gandhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12008","article-title":"Electrical impedance spectroscopy as a potential adjunct diagnostic tool for cutaneous melanoma","volume":"19","author":"Mohr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2017.06.009","article-title":"Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy in Skin Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"35","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.11.043","article-title":"Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues","volume":"179","author":"Halter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64521-1","article-title":"Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology: A pilot study","volume":"168","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22180","article-title":"Value of cervical electrical impedance spectroscopy to predict spontaneous preterm delivery in asymptomatic women: The ECCLIPPx prospective cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Anumba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S64087","article-title":"Use of electrical impedance spectroscopy to detect malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions","volume":"9","author":"Murdoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/23\/1\/315","article-title":"Modelled current distribution in cervical squamous tissue","volume":"23","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/3\/010","article-title":"Modelling the electrical properties of bladder tissue-quantifying impedance changes due to inflammation and oedema","volume":"26","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365405","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/43\/36\/365405","article-title":"Modelling effective dielectric properties of materials containing diverse types of biological cells","volume":"43","author":"Huclova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025301","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/2\/025301","article-title":"Modelling and validation of dielectric properties of human skin in the MHz region focusing on skin layer morphology and material composition","volume":"45","author":"Huclova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Walker, D. (2001). Modelling the Electrical Properties of Cervical Epithelium, University of Sheffield."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"207","article-title":"Finite-Element Analysis of Bioelectric Phenomena","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ANSYS (2021). ANSYS MAPDL 18.2, ANSYS."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues. 2. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(00)00303-0","article-title":"Electric properties of non-irradiated and gamma-irradiated keratin","volume":"59","author":"Marzec","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-019-08687-7","article-title":"Influence of water and temperature on the electrical conductivity of the human nail","volume":"138","author":"Marzec","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Johnsen, G. (2010). Skin Electrical Properties and Physical Aspects of Hydration of Keratinized Tissues, University of Oslo."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, C. (1996). Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies, King\u2019s Coll London.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA303903"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:37Z","timestamp":1760141137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22155913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155913","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}