{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1760231380120,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Operational Programme of the European Regional Development Fund-POR FESR 2014\u20132020","award":["1175234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1175234"]}]},{"name":"DSF (Digital Smart Fluidics): Fluidica Digitale per le Scienze della Vita","award":["1175234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1175234"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parenteral artificial nutrition (PAN) is a lifesaving treatment for a large population of patients affected by different diseases, and it consists of intravenous injection of nutritive fluids by means of infusion pumps. Wrong PAN solutions are, unfortunately, often administered, thus threatening the patients\u2019 well-being. Here, we report an optofluidic label-free sensor that can distinguish PAN solutions on the basis of their volumetric refractive index (RI). In our system, a monochromatic light beam, generated by a laser diode, travels obliquely through a transparent, square-section polystyrene channel, is then back-reflected by a mirror, and finally exits the channel in a position that depends on the filling fluid RI. The displacement of the output light spot \u0394Xexperim is easily detected with a linear, 1-D position sensitive detector (PSD). We initially calibrated the sensor with water-glucose solutions demonstrating a sensitivity S = \u0394Xexperim\/\u0394n = 13,960 \u00b5m\/RIU. We then clearly distinguished six commercial PAN solutions, commonly administered to patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported healthcare sensing platform for remote contactless recognition of PAN fluids, which could be inserted into infusion pumps to improve treatment safety, by checking the compliance to the prescription of the fluid actually delivered to the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"6815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical Identification of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Exploiting Refractive Index Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0937-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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