{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:56:01Z","timestamp":1792068961294,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past four decades, space debris has been identified as a growing hazard for near-Earth space systems. With limited access to space debris tracking databases and only recent policy advancements made to secure a sustainable space environment and mission architecture, this manuscript aims to establish an autonomous trajectory maneuver to de-orbit spacecrafts back to Earth using collision avoidance techniques for the purpose of decommissioning or re-purposing spacecrafts. To mitigate the risk of colliding with another object, the spacecraft attitude slew maneuver requires high levels of precision. Thus, the manuscript compares two autonomous trajectory generations, sinusoidal and Pontragin\u2019s method. In order to determine the Euler angles (roll, pitch, and yaw) necessary for the spacecraft to safely maneuver around space debris, the manuscript incorporates way-point guidance as a collision avoidance approach. When the simulation compiled with both sinusoidal and Pontryagin trajectories, there were differences within the Euler angle spacecraft tracking that could be attributed to the increased fuel efficiency by over five orders of magnitude and lower computation time by over 15 min for that of Pontryagin\u2019s trajectory compared with that of the sinusoidal trajectory. Overall, Pontryagin\u2019s method produced an autonomous trajectory that is more optimal by conserving 37.9% more fuel and saving 40.5% more time than the sinusoidal autonomous trajectory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22187066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"7066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Autonomous Trajectory Generation Comparison for De-Orbiting with Multiple Collision Avoidance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Raigoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4681-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1029\/JA083iA06p02637","article-title":"Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt","volume":"83","author":"Kessler","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. 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