{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:52:08Z","timestamp":1791996728115,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea","award":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) is the most promising candidate technology supporting 5G massive machine-type communication. Compared to geostationary earth orbit, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication has the advantage of low propagation loss, but suffers from high Doppler shift. The 3GPP proposes Doppler shift pre-compensation for each beam region of the satellite. However, user equipment farther from the beam center has significant residual Doppler shifts even after pre-compensation, which degrades link performance. This study proposes residual Doppler shift compensation by adding demodulation reference signal symbols and reducing satellite beam coverage. The block error rate (BLER) data are obtained using link-level simulation with the proposed technique. Since the communication time provided by a single LEO satellite moving fast is short, many LEO satellites are necessary for seamless 24-h communication. Therefore, with the BLER data, we analyze the link budget for actual three-dimensional orbits with a maximum of 162 LEO satellites. We finally investigate the effect of the proposed technique on performance metrics such as the per-day total service time and maximum persistent service time, considering the number of satellites and the satellite spacing. The results show that a more prolonged and continuous communication service is possible with significantly fewer satellites using the proposed technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22187097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"7097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Performance Analysis of NB-IoT Uplink in Low Earth Orbit Non-Terrestrial Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Gyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Shin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cisco, U. 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