{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:18:59Z","timestamp":1785345539276,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Maritime Economy and Inland Shipping of Poland","award":["BBF.III.320U.60.2019\/934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBF.III.320U.60.2019\/934"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Maritime Economy and Inland Shipping of Poland","award":["WM\/2022\/PZ\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WM\/2022\/PZ\/06"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018540","name":"Gdynia Maritime University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBF.III.320U.60.2019\/934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBF.III.320U.60.2019\/934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018540","name":"Gdynia Maritime University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WM\/2022\/PZ\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WM\/2022\/PZ\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dredged material dumping is an activity that causes some of the greatest changes in coastal waters. It results in the need to regularly monitor the properties of seawater related to water quality. In this study, we present the first wide-ranging attempt to correlate seawater turbidity and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations within dumping sites and adjacent waters on the basis of in situ measurements. In the years 2019\u20132020, we examined four dumping sites, namely Dar\u0142owo, Gdynia, Gda\u0144sk, and DCT, located in Polish coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, in the course of four measurement campaigns conducted in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The measurements were conducted using a turbidity sensor to determine the turbidity, in formazin turbidity units (FTU), a spectrophotometer to determine the concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorus (P-tot), phosphate phosphorus (P-PO4\u22123), total nitrogen (N-tot), ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4+), and nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3\u2212)), as well as glass microfiber filters to determine the concentrations of SPM. The analysis of the relationship between the turbidity and SPM within the dumping sites in comparison to reference points showed that the dumping sites are very complex waters and that the issue must be approached locally. The highest turbidity values were registered in the spring, and they correlated linearly with the SPM concentrations (R2 = 0.69). Moreover, we performed a statistical cluster analysis to illustrate the similarities between sampling points in the four dumpsites based on nutrient concentrations. We conclude that the influence of the dumping sites on the local bio-optical and chemical properties significantly exceeds their borders and spreads to the adjacent waters. Nutrient concentrations in many cases exceeded the legal policy limits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Water Turbidity and Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration at Dredged Material Dumping Sites in the Southern Baltic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Lednicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kubacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operational Oceanography, Maritime Institute, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. D\u0142ugi Targ 41\/42, 80-830 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"Freda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Haule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Dembska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Galer-Tatarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9690-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Pazikowska-Sapota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection, Maritime Institute, Gdynia Maritime University, Ul. Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.06.031","article-title":"Effects of long-term dumping of dredged material on macrozoobenthos at four disposal sites along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)","volume":"50","author":"Simonini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. 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