{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:47:46Z","timestamp":1783385266218,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11572168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11572168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11872034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11872034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an integrated panoramic sun sensor (IPSS) for the small spherical satellite Q-SAT that has been working in orbit since 2020. IPSS is essentially a set of temperature-compensated photoelectric cells distributed on the spherical surface of Q-SAT. Compared with traditional sun sensors, IPSS has full spherical coverage of 4\u03c0 so that the sun vector from any direction can be inversed. The mechatronic design and mathematical model of the proposed IPSS are presented. In-depth error analyses in terms of albedo effect, sampling error, parameter deviation, etc. are carried out. IPSS can provide a sun vector inversion accuracy of 1.5\u2218 where albedo disturbance does not dominate. Simulation results show that the measurement of IPSS together with a COTS magnetometer can support the three-axis attitude determination of satellites in various orbits and can adapt to the seasonal variations of subpolar points. Ground experimental results and on-orbit data have also verified the feasibility and performance of IPSS. Although the panoramic sun sensor is designed for the small spherical Q-SAT, it can also be applied to other satellites with limited power budgets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design and Verification of an Integrated Panoramic Sun Sensor atop a Small Spherical Satellite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China"},{"name":"Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758956","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1758956","article-title":"A spherical micro satellite design and detection method for upper atmospheric density estimation","volume":"2019","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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