{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:12:28Z","timestamp":1768824748824,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a methodology for sentiment analysis with emphasis on the emotional aspects of people visiting the Herculaneum Archaeological Park in Italy during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology provides a valuable means of continuous feedback on perceived risk of the site. A semantic analysis on Twitter text messages provided input to the risk management team with which they could respond immediately mitigating any apparent risk and reducing the perceived risk. A two-stage approach was adopted to prune a massively large dataset from Twitter. In the first phase, a social network analysis and visualisation tool NodeXL was used to determine the most recurrent words, which was achieved using polarity. This resulted in a suitable subset. In the second phase, the subset was subjected to sentiment and emotion mapping by survey participants. This led to a hybrid approach of using automation for pruning datasets from social media and using a human approach to sentiment and emotion analysis. Whilst suffering from COVID-19, equally, people suffered due to loneliness from isolation dictated by the World Health Organisation. The work revealed that despite such conditions, people\u2019s sentiments demonstrated a positive effect from the online discussions on the Herculaneum site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sentiment and Emotional Analysis of Risk Perception in the Herculaneum Archaeological Park during COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Garzia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Engineering Group\u2013DICMA, SAPIENZA\u2013University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Wessex Institute of Technology, Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton SO40 7AA, UK"},{"name":"European Academy of Sciences and Arts, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Safety & Security Project & Smart Pompeii Project, Pompeii Archaeological Park, Ministry of Culture, 80045 Pompeii, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Borghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Engineering Group\u2013DICMA, SAPIENZA\u2013University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Project & Smart Pompeii Project, Pompeii Archaeological Park, Ministry of Culture, 80045 Pompeii, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Engineering Group\u2013DICMA, SAPIENZA\u2013University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Min\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Engineering Group\u2013DICMA, SAPIENZA\u2013University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5005-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soodamani","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Tricarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety & Security Engineering Group\u2013DICMA, SAPIENZA\u2013University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Borghini, F., Garzia, F., Borghini, A., and Borghini, G. 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