{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:38:44Z","timestamp":1789393124480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a rapid increase in plantar pressure from the infant to toddler stage, yet little is known about the reasons for this change. More information about plantar pressure distribution can help clinicians identify early-stage foot-related diseases that may occur during transitions from childhood to adulthood. This information also helps designers create shoes that adapt to different needs. This research describes the development of a low-cost, built-in shoe plantar pressure measurement system that determines foot pressure distribution in toddlers. The study aimed to improve and provide data on pressure distribution during foot growth. This was accomplished by implementing a plantar pressure capacitive measurement system within shoes. The capacitive sensors were laminated using a copper tape sheet on plastic backing with adhesive, elastomer layers, and a combination of conductive and non-conductive fabrics. Constructed sensors were characterized using compression tests with repeated loads. Results demonstrated that the sensors exhibited rate-independent hysteresis in the estimation of pressure. This enabled a calibration model to be developed. The system can mimic more expensive plantar pressure measurement systems at lower fidelity. This emerging technology could be utilized to aid clinicians, researchers, and footwear designers interested in how pressure distribution changes from infants to toddlers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"8327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Development of a Built-In Shoe Plantar Pressure Measurement System for Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"De Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cylie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sydney 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anubha","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000819","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of foot development: A narrative synthesis of plantar pressure data during infancy and childhood","volume":"33","author":"Montagnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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