{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:00:32Z","timestamp":1792180832191,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HEC Pakistan"},{"name":"F\u00e9DeV"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a framework for optimizing personalized treatment outcomes for patients with neurological diseases. A typical consequence of such diseases is gait disorders, partially explained by command and muscle tone problems associated with spasticity. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A is a common treatment for spasticity. According to the patient\u2019s profile, offering the optimal treatment combined with the highest possible benefit-risk ratio is important. For the prediction of knee and ankle kinematics after botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) treatment, we propose: (1) a regression strategy based on a multi-task architecture composed of LSTM models; (2) to introduce medical treatment data (MTD) for context modeling; and (3) a gating mechanism to model treatment interaction more efficiently. The proposed models were compared with and without metadata describing treatments and with serial models. Multi-task learning (MTL) achieved the lowest root-mean-squared error (RMSE) (5.60\u00b0) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients on knee trajectories and the lowest RMSE (3.77\u00b0) for cerebral palsy (CP) patients on ankle trajectories, with only a difference of 5.60\u00b0 between actual and predicted. Overall, the best RMSE ranged from 5.24\u00b0 to 6.24\u00b0 for the MTL models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that MTL has been used for post-treatment gait trajectory prediction. The MTL models outperformed the serial models, particularly when introducing treatment metadata. The gating mechanism is efficient in modeling treatment interaction and improving trajectory prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T04:00:51Z","timestamp":1667534451000},"page":"8452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Treatment Outcome Prediction Using Multi-Task Learning: Application to Botulinum Toxin in Gait Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatique, Bio-Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Complexes (IBISC) EA 4526, Univ Evry, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Hazart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatique, Bio-Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Complexes (IBISC) EA 4526, Univ Evry, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Galarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGECAM Ile-de-France, Movement Analysis Laboratory, 77170 Coubert, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Garcia-Salicetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMOVAR, T\u00e9l\u00e9com SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91764 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5917-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Vigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatique, Bio-Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Complexes (IBISC) EA 4526, Univ Evry, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2014-003","article-title":"Association of postural sway with disability status and cerebellar dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: A preliminary study","volume":"17","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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