{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:33:57Z","timestamp":1792413237691,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative indoor monitoring, in a low-invasive and accurate way, is still an unmet need in clinical practice. Indoor environments are more challenging than outdoor environments, and are where patients experience difficulty in performing activities of daily living (ADLs). In line with the recent trends of telemedicine, there is an ongoing positive impulse in moving medical assistance and management from hospitals to home settings. Different technologies have been proposed for indoor monitoring over the past decades, with different degrees of invasiveness, complexity, and capabilities in full-body monitoring. The major classes of devices proposed are inertial-based sensors (IMU), vision-based devices, and geomagnetic and radiofrequency (RF) based sensors. In recent years, among all available technologies, there has been an increasing interest in using RF-based technology because it can provide a more accurate and reliable method of tracking patients\u2019 movements compared to other methods, such as camera-based systems or wearable sensors. Indeed, RF technology compared to the other two techniques has higher compliance, low energy consumption, does not need to be worn, is less susceptible to noise, is not affected by lighting or other physical obstacles, has a high temporal resolution without a limited angle of view, and fewer privacy issues. The aim of the present narrative review was to describe the potential applications of RF-based indoor monitoring techniques and highlight their differences compared to other monitoring technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T09:26:00Z","timestamp":1667553960000},"page":"8486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Markerless Radio Frequency Indoor Monitoring for Telemedicine: Gait Analysis, Indoor Positioning, Fall Detection, Tremor Analysis, Vital Signs and Sleep Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazzaro","family":"di Biase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Brain Innovations Lab, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6186-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale Maria","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-113X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Letizia","family":"Caminiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9113-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2018.2822684","article-title":"Overview of recent development on wireless sensing circuits and systems for healthcare and biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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