{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:57:11Z","timestamp":1790881031885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain represents the leading cause of disability since 1990. In 90% of cases, it is classified as non-specific low back pain, being chronic in 10% of subjects. Ultrasound has proven to be an effective measurement tool to observe changes in the activity and morphology of the abdominal muscles. This article reviews which core synergies are studied with ultrasound in healthy subjects and with chronic non-specific low back pain. A systematic review was conducted on studies analyzing synergies between two or more core muscles. Publications from 2005 until July 2021 were identified by performing structured searched in Pubmed\/MEDLINE, PEDro and WOS. Fifteen studies were eligible for the final systematic review. A total of 56% of the studies established synergies between the core muscles and 44% between the homo and contralateral sides of the core muscles. The most studied core synergies were transversus abdominis, internal oblique and external oblique followed by the rectus abdominis and the lumbar multifidus. No studies establishing synergies with diaphragm and pelvic floor were found. Eight studies were conducted in healthy subjects, five studies in subjects with chronic non-specific low back pain compared to healthy subjects and two studies in subjects with chronic non-specific low back pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:22:02Z","timestamp":1668115322000},"page":"8684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Core Synergies Measured with Ultrasound in Subjects with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain and Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3039-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Cervera-Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Technology Assessment Unit (UETS), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3995-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Valc\u00e1rcel-Linares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1989-2988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Achalandabaso-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Support Unit, Barrio del Pilar Health Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pecos-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia y Dolor, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84034-x","article-title":"A systematic review of movement and muscular activity biomarkers to discriminate non-specific chronic low back pain patients from an asymptomatic population","volume":"11","author":"Miossenet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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