{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:04:25Z","timestamp":1764842665858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many commercial and prototype devices are available for capturing body sounds that provide important information on the health of the lungs and heart; however, a standardized method to characterize and compare these devices is not agreed upon. Acoustic phantoms are commonly used because they generate repeatable sounds that couple to devices using a material layer that mimics the characteristics of skin. While multiple acoustic phantoms have been presented in literature, it is unclear how design elements, such as the driver type and coupling layer, impact the acoustical characteristics of the phantom and, therefore, the device being measured. Here, a design of experiments approach is used to compare the frequency responses of various phantom constructions. An acoustic phantom that uses a loudspeaker to generate sound and excite a gelatin layer supported by a grid is determined to have a flatter and more uniform frequency response than other possible designs with a sound exciter and plate support. When measured on an optimal acoustic phantom, three devices are shown to have more consistent measurements with added weight and differing positions compared to a non-optimal phantom. Overall, the statistical models developed here provide greater insight into acoustic phantom design for improved device characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"9086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimized Acoustic Phantom Design for Characterizing Body Sound Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2354-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Rennoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"McLane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounya","family":"Elhilali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3056916","article-title":"Design and Comparative Performance of a Robust Lung Auscultation System for Noisy Clinical Settings","volume":"25","author":"McLane","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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