{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:00:09Z","timestamp":1788786009093,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lower-limb exoskeletons, regardless of their control strategies, have been shown to alter a user\u2019s gait just by the exoskeleton\u2019s own mass and inertia. The characterization of these differences in joint kinematics and kinetics under exoskeleton-like added mass is important for the design of such devices and their control strategies. In this study, 19 young, healthy participants walked overground at self-selected speeds with six added mass conditions and one zero-added-mass condition. The added mass conditions included +2\/+4 lb on each shank or thigh or +8\/+16 lb on the pelvis. OpenSim-derived lower-limb sagittal-plane kinematics and kinetics were evaluated statistically with both peak analysis and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The results showed that adding smaller masses (+2\/+8 lb) altered some kinematic and kinetic peaks but did not result in many changes across the regions of the gait cycle identified by SPM. In contrast, adding larger masses (+4\/+16 lb) showed significant changes within both the peak and SPM analyses. In general, adding larger masses led to kinematic differences at the ankle and knee during early swing, and at the hip throughout the gait cycle, as well as kinetic differences at the ankle during stance. Future exoskeleton designs may implement these characterizations to inform exoskeleton hardware structure and cooperative control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["How Do Joint Kinematics and Kinetics Change When Walking Overground with Added Mass on the Lower Body?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanpu","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinayak","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Reissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison L.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Reissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00944.2002","article-title":"Metabolic Cost of Generating Muscular Force in Human Walking: Insights from Load-Carrying and Speed Experiments","volume":"95","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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