{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T10:17:14Z","timestamp":1775729834225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["637780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA17115-46630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA17115-46630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COST Action MyWAVE CA17115","award":["637780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637780"]}]},{"name":"COST Action MyWAVE CA17115","award":["CA17115-46630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA17115-46630"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown that ablation techniques have the potential to eradicate adrenal adenomas while preserving the functionalities of the adrenal gland and the surrounding anatomical structures. This study explores a new microwave ablation (MWA) approach operating at 5.8 GHz and using anatomical and dielectric characteristics of the target tissue to create directional heating patterns. Numerical simulations are executed in planar and 3D adrenal models, considering two energy doses. The numerical study is refined accounting for the vaporization of the tissue water content. Ex vivo experimental evaluations on porcine adrenal models complete the study. The numerical and experimental results show that spherical ablation zones are able to cover the target for both energy doses considered. Nonetheless, most of the non-targeted tissues can be preserved from excessive heating when low energy level is used. Numerical models accounting for water vaporization are capable to foresee the experimental temperature values. This study shows that the proposed MWA directional approach operating at 5.8 GHz can be considered for creating effective and selective ablation zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1669798001000},"page":"9320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["MWA Performed at 5.8 GHz through \u2018Side Firing\u2019 Approach: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Bottiglieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Brace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2019.01.016","article-title":"Hypertensive Crisis during Microwave Ablation of Adrenal Neoplasms: A Retrospective Analysis of Predictive Factors","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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