{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:58:26Z","timestamp":1781794706385,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quantification of the impact of road transport on the environment in urban territories","award":["VEGA project. 1\/0426\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA project. 1\/0426\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing number of motor vehicles are connected with negative environmental impacts in relation to their operation. Among the main negative effects are exhaust gas emissions production. The annual increase in passenger cars and emissions from them deteriorates air quality daily. Traffic junctions also have a negative impact on increasing emissions production by exhaust gases. This situation may be caused by vehicle speed fluctuation, mainly when they get closer or leave. This study focuses on the emissions produced by exhaust gases after a road vehicle starts. The research was performed with a combustion engine vehicle on a route 30 m long. The vehicle was simulated in three different ways of starting (uphill, on ground level\/plain and downhill). The values of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were observed, as well as the vehicle\u2019s operation performance during start-ups. The research results showed that the lowest emissions production is when the vehicle is starting downhill. There, the emissions increased up to a distance of 9.7 m from the start. After reaching this distance, the emissions decreased and the vehicle speed continued to increase. While the vehicle started uphill, the emissions increased up to the distance of 16.8 m. After reaching this distance, the emissions began decreasing. Due to this fact, this type of testing is assessed as \u201cthe worst\u201d from the emissions production point of view. The research demonstrates the relations between a road gradient representing starting on a plain surface and a vehicle\u2019s emissions produced by the exhaust gases. It is known that exhaust emissions are higher predominantly at junctions. They depend considerably on vehicle speed and driving continuity on a route. This research helps to quantify all the data and, thus, to provide a possibility of further solutions in the future as a tool for emissions reduction in cities and close to traffic intersections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T03:55:39Z","timestamp":1671162939000},"page":"9896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emissions Production by Exhaust Gases of a Road Vehicle\u2019s Starting Depending on a Road Gradient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5036-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"\u0160arkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Operation and Economic of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 010 26 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4300-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Loman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Operation and Economic of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 010 26 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Syn\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Operation and Economic of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 010 26 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Skr\u00facan\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Operation and Economic of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 010 26 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5121-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Hanzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Okru\u017en\u00ed 517\/10, 370 01 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.05.030","article-title":"Eco-driving technology for sustainable road transport: A review","volume":"93","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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