{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:28:41Z","timestamp":1791451721764,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rector of the Silesian University of Technology","award":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"]}]},{"name":"Rector of the Silesian University of Technology","award":["P18-RT-4040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P18-RT-4040"]}]},{"name":"Rector of the Silesian University of Technology","award":["PID2020-119082RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119082RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects","award":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects","award":["P18-RT-4040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P18-RT-4040"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Research Projects","award":["PID2020-119082RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119082RB-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, analysts in a variety of nations have developed various WSN clustering protocols. The major characteristic is the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), which attained the objective of energy balance by sporadically varying the Cluster Heads (CHs) in the region. Nevertheless, because it implements an arbitrary number system, the appropriateness of CH is complete with suspicions. In this paper, an optimal cluster head selection (CHS) model is developed regarding secure and energy-aware routing in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Here, optimal CH is preferred based on distance, energy, security (risk probability), delay, trust evaluation (direct and indirect trust), and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). Here, the energy level is predicted using an improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). To choose the finest CH in WSN, Bald Eagle Assisted SSA (BEA-SSA) is employed in this work. Finally, the results authenticate the effectiveness of BEA-SSA linked to trust, RSSI, security, etc. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) for 100 nodes is 0.98 at 500 rounds, which is high when compared to Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Multi-Objective Fractional Particle Lion Algorithm (MOFPL), Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), Bald Eagle Search optimization (BES), Rider Optimization (ROA), Hunger Games Search (HGS), Shark Smell Optimization (SSO), Rider-Cat Swarm Optimization (RCSO), and Firefly Cyclic Randomization (FCR) methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T04:30:00Z","timestamp":1671165000000},"page":"9921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Optimal Cluster Head Selection in WSN with Convolutional Neural Network-Based Energy Level Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasikumar","family":"Gurumoorthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai 600100, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parimella","family":"Subhash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology (VNRVJIET), Hyderabad 500090, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocio","family":"P\u00e9rez de Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunication Engineering Department, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"A Locality Based Clustering and M-Ant Routing protocol for QoS in Wireless Semsor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Alagumuthukrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dep. 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