{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:37:35Z","timestamp":1760233055668,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003699","name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PK2202B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PK2202B1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of catastrophic wheelset failures are caused by surface opening fatigue cracks in either the wheel tread or wheel inner. Since failures in railway wheelsets can cause disasters, regular inspections to check for defects in wheels and axles are mandatory. Currently, ultrasonic testing, acoustic emissions, and the eddy current testing method are regularly used to check railway wheelsets in service. Yet, in many cases, despite surface and subsurface defects of the railroad wheels developing, the defects are not clearly detected by the conventional non-destructive inspection system. In the present study, a new technique was applied to the detection of surface and subsurface defects in railway wheel material. The results indicate that the technique can detect surface and subsurface defects of railway wheel specimens using the distribution of the alternating current (AC) electromagnetic field. In the wheelset cases presented, surface cracks with depths of 0.5 mm could be detected using this method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1671442261000},"page":"9981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applicability Evaluation of Surface and Sub-Surface Defects for Railway Wheel Material Using Induced Alternating Current Potential Drops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seok-Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, #176, Cheoldo Bangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Won","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, #176, Cheoldo Bangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8224-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, #176, Cheoldo Bangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Sam","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, #176, Cheoldo Bangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2003.11.010","article-title":"Fracture mechanics in railway applications-an overview","volume":"72","author":"Uwe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. 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