{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:07:48Z","timestamp":1769879268687,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["P2-0219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total intravenous anesthesia is an anesthesiologic technique where all substances are injected intravenously. The main task of the anesthesiologist is to assess the depth of anesthesia, or, more specifically, the depth of hypnosis (DoH), and accordingly adjust the dose of intravenous anesthetic agents. However, it is not possible to directly measure the anesthetic agent concentrations or the DoH, so the anesthesiologist must rely on various vital signs and EEG-based measurements, such as the bispectral (BIS) index. The ability to better measure DoH is directly applicable in clinical practice\u2014it improves the anesthesiologist\u2019s assessment of the patient state regarding anesthetic agent concentrations and, consequently, the effects, as well as provides the basis for closed-loop control algorithms. This article introduces a novel structure for modeling DoH, which employs a residual dynamic model. The improved model can take into account the patient\u2019s individual sensitivity to the anesthetic agent, which is not the case when using the available population-data-based models. The improved model was tested using real clinical data. The results show that the predictions of the BIS-index trajectory were improved considerably. The proposed model thus seems to provide a good basis for a more patient-oriented individualized assessment of DoH, which should lead to better administration methods that will relieve the anesthesiologist\u2019s workload and will benefit the patient by providing improved safety, individualized treatment, and, thus, alleviation of possible adverse effects during and after surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1672205514000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improved Individualized Patient-Oriented Depth-of-Hypnosis Measurement Based on Bispectral Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorazd","family":"Karer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0502-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"\u0160krjanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkv074","article-title":"Principles of total intravenous anaesthesia: Practical aspects of using total intravenous anaesthesia","volume":"16","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001009","article-title":"Target-Controlled Infusion: A Mature Technology","volume":"122","author":"Absalom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth. 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