{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:16:42Z","timestamp":1789240602678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Running stability is the ability to withstand naturally occurring minor perturbations during running. It is susceptible to external and internal running conditions such as footwear or fatigue. However, both its reliable measurability and the extent to which laboratory measurements reflect outdoor running remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-day reliability of the running stability as well as the comparability of different laboratory and outdoor conditions. Competitive runners completed runs on a motorized treadmill in a research laboratory and overground both indoors and outdoors. Running stability was determined as the maximum short-term divergence exponent from the raw gyroscope signals of wearable sensors mounted to four different body locations (sternum, sacrum, tibia, and foot). Sacrum sensor measurements demonstrated the highest reliabilities (good to excellent; ICC = 0.85 to 0.91), while those of the tibia measurements showed the lowest (moderate to good; ICC = 0.55 to 0.89). Treadmill measurements depicted systematically lower values than both overground conditions for all sensor locations (relative bias = \u22129.8% to \u22122.9%). The two overground conditions, however, showed high agreement (relative bias = \u22120.3% to 0.5%; relative limits of agreement = 9.2% to 15.4%). Our results imply moderate to excellent reliability for both overground and treadmill running, which is the foundation of further research on running stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:54:42Z","timestamp":1672282482000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reliability of Running Stability during Treadmill and Overground Running"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Fohrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hamacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Sanchez-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Potthast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Willwacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1324008","article-title":"Nonlinear Time Series Analysis of Normal and Pathological Human Walking","volume":"10","author":"Dingwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.015","article-title":"Comparison of Different State Space Definitions for Local Dynamic Stability Analyses","volume":"42","author":"Gates","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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