{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:06:43Z","timestamp":1766182003005,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZUK 63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZUK 63"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","award":["ZUK 63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZUK 63"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autorefraction is an objective way to determine the refractive error of the eye, without the need for feedback by the patient or a well-educated practitioner. To make refractive measurements more accessible in the background of the growing prevalence of myopia, a compact autorefractor was built, containing only few optical components and relying on double-pass imaging and the physical properties of the point-spread function and digital image processing instead. A method was developed to analyze spherical defocus as well as the defocus and angle of astigmatism. The device was tested using calibrator eye models in a range of \u00b1 15 D spherical defocus and \u22123 D astigmatic defocus. Reliable results could be achieved across the whole measurement range, with only a small increase in deviation toward high values of refractive errors, showing the feasibility of a PSF-based approach for a compact and low-cost solution for objective measurements of refractive error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:19:46Z","timestamp":1672370386000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and Testing of a Compact Autorefractor Based on Double-Pass Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1475-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linus","family":"Emmerich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6373-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"Ohlendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstr. 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Leube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstr. 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Suchkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3437-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegfried","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstr. 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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