{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:41:09Z","timestamp":1788986469875,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["P1-0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0034"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["P2-0393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0393"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents recent development and applications of thermal lens microscopy (TLM) and beam deflection spectrometry (BDS) for the analysis of water samples and sea ice. Coupling of TLM detection to a microfluidic system for flow injection analysis (\u03bcFIA) enables the detection of microcystin-LR in waters with a four samples\/min throughput (in triplicate injections) and provides an LOD of 0.08 \u00b5g\/L which is 12-times lower than the MCL for microcystin-LR in water. \u03bcFIA-TLM was also applied for the determination of total Fe and Fe(II) in 3 \u00b5L samples of synthetic cloudwater. The LODs were found to be 100 nM for Fe(II) and 70 nM for total Fe. The application of \u00b5FIA-TLM for the determination of ammonium in water resulted in an LOD of 2.3 \u00b5M for injection of a 5 \u00b5L sample and TLM detection in a 100 \u00b5m deep microfluidic channel. For the determination of iron species in sea ice, the BDS was coupled to a diffusive gradient in the thin film technique (DGT). The 2D distribution of Fe(II) and total Fe on DGT gels provided by the BDS (LOD of 50 nM) reflected the distribution of Fe species in sea ice put in contact with DGT gels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:50:32Z","timestamp":1672631432000},"page":"472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Recent Progress and Applications of Thermal Lens Spectrometry and Photothermal Beam Deflection Techniques in Environmental Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mladen","family":"Franko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leja","family":"Goljat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Budasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojca","family":"\u017dor\u017e Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.12.067","article-title":"Recent advances in biosensor techniques for environmental monitoring","volume":"568","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13928","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013928","article-title":"Recent advances in optical biosensors for environmental monitoring and early warning","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justino, C.I.L., Duarte, A.C., and Rocha-Santos, T.A.P. (2017). Recent progress in biosensors for environmental monitoring: A review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122918"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lampreti, M., and Gotti, R. (2022). Recent Developments in Novel Solid State Lasers, MDPI. Optics, Special Issue."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210447","article-title":"Laser spectroscopy for atmospheric and environmental sensing","volume":"9","author":"Fiddler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gupta, V.P. (2017). Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy: Advances and Applications, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A515","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.00A515","article-title":"Laser spectroscopy applied to environmental, ecological, food safety, and biomedical research","volume":"24","author":"Svanberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10823","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02468","article-title":"Palladium coordination polymers nanosheets: New strategy for sensitive photothermal detection of H2S","volume":"91","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1039\/C7QI00767A","article-title":"Exploration of photothermal sensors based on photothermally responsive materials: A brief review","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lindon, J.C., Tranter, G.E., and Koppenaal, D.W. (2017). Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Applications. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-1758-8","article-title":"On-line monitoring of opaque liquids by photoacoustic spectroscopy","volume":"375","author":"Schmid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125602","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/12\/125602","article-title":"Photoacoustic spectroscopy-based detector for measuring benzene and toluene concentration in gas and liquid samples","volume":"22","author":"Hanyecz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.32.23","article-title":"Fast screening techniques for neurotoxigenic substances and other toxicants and pollutants based on thermal lensing and microfluidic chips","volume":"32","author":"Franko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY00932H","article-title":"Microfluidic flow-injection thermal-lens microscopy for high-throughput and sensitive analysis of sub-\u03bcL samples","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.24193\/subbchem.2017.3.08","article-title":"Novel approaches for the determination of biogenic amines in food samples","volume":"62","author":"Rivoira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studia UBB Chemia"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"313","article-title":"New approach in studies of microalgal celllysis","volume":"4","author":"Zrimec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-010-0856-z","article-title":"Thermal lens spectrometric determination of colloidal and ionic silver in water","volume":"32","author":"Korte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1504\/IJENVH.2014.067356","article-title":"Thermal lens spectrometric determination of ammonium in water samples based on indophenol formation with sodium salicylate","volume":"7","author":"Budal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(02)00056-8","article-title":"Detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in vegetable samples by a photothermal biosensor","volume":"18","author":"Franko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-016-2072-y","article-title":"Thermal lens spectrometry: Still a technique on the horizon?","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920802108032","article-title":"Thermal lens spectrometric detection in flow injection analysis and separation techniques","volume":"43","author":"Franko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(00)00608-1","article-title":"Recent applications of thermal lens spectrometry in food analysis and environmental research","volume":"54","author":"Franko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Meyers, R.A. (2010). Thermal lens spectroscopy. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kanzantzakis, C.M. (2009). Recent progress in methods for determination and AOM removal of organophosphorus and neonicotinoid insecticides. Progress in Pesticides Research, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn Moares, E. (2009). Bioanalytical applications of thermal lens spectrometry. Thermal Wave Physics and Related Photothermal Techniques: Basic Principles and Recent Developments, Transworld Research Network."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.17344\/acsi.2018.4848","article-title":"Determination of dissolved iron redox species in freshwater sediment using DGT technique coupled to BDS","volume":"66","author":"Budasheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slov."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19739-8","article-title":"Deflection-based laser sensing platform for selective and sensitive detection of H2S using plasmonic nanostructures","volume":"12","author":"Asadian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1140\/epjti\/s40485-014-0007-1","article-title":"Photothermal cantilever deflection spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"EPJ Technol. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1516245","article-title":"Hyphenated high performance liquid chromatography-thermal lens spectrometry technique as a tool for investigations of xanthophyll cycle pigments in different taxonomic groups of marine phytoplankton","volume":"74","author":"Malej","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-007-0102-5","article-title":"Determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides by liquid chromatography with thermal lens spectrometric detection","volume":"5","author":"Guzsvany","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2008-00494-4","article-title":"Flow injection thermal lens spectrometric detection of hexavalent chromium","volume":"153","author":"Baesso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.09.006","article-title":"Applications of bioanalytical techniques in evaluating advanced oxidation processes in pesticide degradation","volume":"26","author":"Franko","year":"2007","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1147512","article-title":"Analytical thermal lens instrumentation","volume":"67","author":"Franko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac041508d","article-title":"Thermal lens microscopy and microchip chemistry","volume":"76","author":"Kitamori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bialkowski, S.E., Astrath, N.G.C., and Proskurnin, M.A. (2019). Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119279105"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2013.869171","article-title":"Progress in thermal lens spectrometry and its applications in microscale analytical devices","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"CRAC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20175a","article-title":"Thermal lens detection device","volume":"11","author":"Mawatari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Budasheva, H., Korte, D., and Bratki\u010d, A. (Sci. Total Environ., 2022). Optimization of photothermal beam deflection spectrometry for determination of iron redox species bound in Chelex-based resin hydrogel, Sci. Total Environ., submitted."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109663","article-title":"Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: Chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins","volume":"109","author":"Carmichael","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Microcystins ADDA-ELISA Kit (Eurofins Abraxis). Available online: https:\/\/tecna.eurofins-technologies.com\/media\/9347\/microcystins-adda-plate-520011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Microcystins\/Nodularins PP2A Microtiter Plate Kit (Eurofins Abraxis). Available online: https:\/\/abraxis.eurofins-technologies.com\/media\/7737\/microcystins-pp2a-plate-r06042020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-014-1199-4","article-title":"Capacitive sensing of microcystin variants of Microcystis aeruginosa using a gold immunoelectrode modified with antibodies, gold nanoparticles and polytyramine","volume":"18","author":"Lebogang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-006-9026-x","article-title":"Speciation and role of iron in cloud droplets at the puy de D\u00f4me station","volume":"54","author":"Parazols","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1485-2014","article-title":"Classification of clouds sampled at the puy de D\u00f4me (France) based on 10 yr of monitoring of their physicochemical properties","volume":"14","author":"Deguillaume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Va\u00eftilingom, M., Parazols, M., Sancelme, M., Charbouillot, T., Deguillaume, L., Mailhot, G., and Delort, A.M. (, January Limoges,). Is microbiolgy an alternative route to photochemistry in atmospheric chemistry. Proceedings of the 10th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry (EMEC 10), 2\u20135 December 2009."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.15.641","article-title":"Integration of flow injection analysis and zeptomole-level detection of the Fe(II)-o\u2212phenanthroline complex","volume":"15","author":"Sato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"USA Environmental Protection Agency, USA EPA (2022, December 20). Guidance for Methods Development and Methods Validation for the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Program, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/hw-sw846\/guidance-methods-development-and-methods-validation-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00100-1","article-title":"Nitrogen in rainfall, cloud water, throughfall, stemflow, stream water and groundwater for the Plynlimon catchments of mid-Wales","volume":"314\u2013316","author":"Neal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). Council Directive 98\/83\/EC on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption (Amended by Regulations 1882\/2003\/EC and 596\/2009\/EC); Council of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:01998L0083-19981225&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2005.12.002","article-title":"A guide for selecting the most appropriate method for ammonium determination in water analysis","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/EN11084","article-title":"Progress in understanding the use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)\u2014Back to basics","volume":"9","author":"Davison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Observations of dissolved iron concentrations in the World Ocean: Implications and constraints for ocean biogeochemical models","volume":"4","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Discuss"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37436-3","article-title":"The eastern extent of seasonal iron limmitation in the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"9","author":"Birchill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-005-6671-7","article-title":"Determination of high resolution pore water profiles of trace metals in sediments of the Rupel River (Belgium) using DET (Diffusive equilibrium in thin films) and DGT (Diffusive gradients in thin films) techniques","volume":"166","author":"Leermakers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Poll"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Radovanivi\u0107 Vukajlovi\u0107, T. (2022, December 20). Novel Methods for Detection of Bioactive Substances and Their Effects in Organisms and in the Environment, Dissertation, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica. Available online: http:\/\/repozitorij.ung.si\/IzpisGradiva.php?id=2916."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Franko, M. (2012). An incoherent light source excited thermal lens microscope. Appl Phys Lett., 100.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3696049"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.02.073","article-title":"Trace detection and photothermal spectral characterization by a tuneable thermal lens spectrometer with white-light excitation","volume":"183","author":"Cabrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Budasheva, H. (2022, December 20). Nondestructive Thermal, Optical, Chemical and Structural Characterization of Advanced Materials by Optothermal Techniques, Dissertation, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica. Available online: https:\/\/repozitorij.ung.si\/IzpisGradiva.php?id=7503&lang=eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3682481","article-title":"Theoretical description of thermal lens spectrometry in micro space","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/472\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:56:00Z","timestamp":1760118960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/1\/472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23010472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23010472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]}}}