{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:50:48Z","timestamp":1793040648622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Centuries of scientific breakthroughs have brought us closer to understanding and managing the spread of parasitic diseases. Despite ongoing technological advancements in the detection, treatment, and control of parasitic illnesses, their effects on animal and human health remain a major concern worldwide. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides whose unique three-dimensional structures enable them to interact with high specificity and affinity to a wide range of targets. In recent decades, aptamers have emerged as attractive alternatives to antibodies as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Due to their superior stability, reusability, and modifiability, aptamers have proven to be effective bioreceptors for the detection of toxins, contaminants, biomarkers, whole cells, pathogens, and others. As such, they have been integrated into a variety of electrochemical, fluorescence, and optical biosensors to effectively detect whole parasites and their proteins. This review offers a summary of the various types of parasite-specific aptamer-based biosensors, their general mechanisms and their performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T03:27:44Z","timestamp":1672802864000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Aptamer-Based Technologies for Parasite Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Noah Emerson","family":"Brosseau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, Anses, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Vall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, Anses, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer-Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momar","family":"Ndao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9gory","family":"Karadjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR BIPAR, Anses, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 19). WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007\u20132015, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/199350."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2017.11.001","article-title":"Risk ranking of foodborne parasites: State of the art","volume":"8\u20139","author":"Devleesschauwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havelaar, A.H., Kirk, M.D., Torgerson, P.R., Gibb, H.J., Hald, T., Lake, R.J., Praet, N., Bellinger, D.C., de Silva, N.R., and Gargouri, N. (2015). World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, M.D., Pires, S.M., Black, R.E., Caipo, M., Crump, J.A., Devleesschauwer, B., D\u00f6pfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-Walker, C.L., and Hald, T. (2015). World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgerson, P.R., Devleesschauwer, B., Praet, N., Speybroeck, N., Willingham, A.L., Kasuga, F., Rokni, M.B., Zhou, X.-N., Fevre, E.M., and Sripa, B. (2015). World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization & UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (2021, December 19). Global Vector Control Response 2017\u20132030, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/259205."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.004","article-title":"One world health: Socioeconomic burden and parasitic disease control priorities","volume":"195","author":"Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veter Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160524","article-title":"Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Global Health","volume":"10","author":"Yager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/278246","article-title":"Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases: Old and New Approaches","volume":"2009","author":"Ndao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057114548065","article-title":"Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections: What\u2019s Going On?","volume":"20","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"SLAS Discov. Adv. Sci. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barb\u00e9, B., Verdonck, K., El-Safi, S., Khanal, B., Teav, S., Kalo, J.-R.L., Ravinetto, R., Chappuis, F., Boelaert, M., and Jacobs, J. (2016). Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Case Study Highlights Need for Customer Awareness and Postmarket Surveillance. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004655"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pai, N.P., Vadnais, C., Denkinger, C., Engel, N., and Pai, M. (2012). Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Diversity, Complexity, and Barriers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries. PLOS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001306"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.028","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: Current scenario and future needs","volume":"25","author":"Cantacessi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150001","article-title":"Introduction to biosensors","volume":"60","author":"Bhalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd838","article-title":"Optical biosensors in drug discovery","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.8b00592","article-title":"Guide to Selecting a Biorecognition Element for Biosensors","volume":"29","author":"Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111693","article-title":"Optical biosensors based on refractometric sensing schemes: A review","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sande, M.G., Rodrigues, J.L., Ferreira, D., Silva, C.J., and Rodrigues, L.R. (2021). Novel Biorecognition Elements against Pathogens in the Design of State-of-the-Art Diagnostics. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11110418"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.014","article-title":"Recent advances in biosensor development for the detection of cancer biomarkers","volume":"91","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00063","article-title":"Nanomaterials for biosensing applications: A review","volume":"2","author":"Holzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In Vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: RNA Ligands to Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2010.06.005","article-title":"Computational discovery of folded RNA domains in genomes and in vitro selected libraries","volume":"52","author":"Riccitelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01467A","article-title":"Investigations on the interface of nucleic acid aptamers and binding targets","volume":"143","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1070115","article-title":"Aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"42","author":"Davydova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1512-8","article-title":"Aptamer-Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Detection of Leukemia Cells","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an15905h","article-title":"Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) production in DNA aptamer generation","volume":"137","author":"Marimuthu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.4.702","article-title":"Use of a High Affinity DNA Ligand in Flow Cytometry","volume":"24","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0896-1021","article-title":"An enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay","volume":"14","author":"Drolet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.9.1628","article-title":"Aptamers: An Emerging Class of Molecules That Rival Antibodies in Diagnostics","volume":"45","author":"Jayasena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100612","article-title":"Aptamers and Their Biological Applications","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lai, B.S., and Juhas, M. (2019). Recent Advances in Aptamer Discovery and Applications. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050941"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1081\/AL-200035778","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection of Protein Using a Double Aptamer Sandwich","volume":"37","author":"Ikebukuro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.002","article-title":"Novel electrochemical sensor system for protein using the aptamers in sandwich manner","volume":"20","author":"Ikebukuro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52685-6","article-title":"An aptasensor for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted immunogenic protein MPT64 in clinical samples towards tuberculosis detection","volume":"9","author":"Sypabekova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1021\/ac502335g","article-title":"Potentiometric Aptasensing of Listeria monocytogenes Using Protamine as an Indicator","volume":"86","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105285","article-title":"Label free ultrasensitive detection of NS1 based on electrochemical aptasensor using polyethyleneimine aggregated AuNPs","volume":"158","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338548","article-title":"Label-free aptasensor for p24-HIV protein detection based on graphene quantum dots as an electrochemical signal amplifier","volume":"1166","author":"Gogola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.07.016","article-title":"Aptamer-based assays and aptasensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples","volume":"107","author":"Majdinasab","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.07.117","article-title":"Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive and selective malaria detection with adjustable dynamic response range and reusability","volume":"255","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202001212","article-title":"Dual-Transducer Malaria Aptasensor Combining Electrochemical Impedance and Surface Plasmon Polariton Detection on Gold Nanohole Arrays","volume":"7","author":"Lenyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15967","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309538110","article-title":"Structural basis for discriminatory recognition of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase by a DNA aptamer","volume":"110","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC00438A","article-title":"APTEC: Aptamer-tethered enzyme capture as a novel rapid diagnostic test for malaria","volume":"51","author":"Dirkzwager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5b00175","article-title":"Development of Aptamer-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices for Malaria Using Three-Dimensional Printing Rapid Prototyping","volume":"1","author":"Dirkzwager","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.10.001","article-title":"A portable microfluidic Aptamer-Tethered Enzyme Capture (APTEC) biosensor for malaria diagnosis","volume":"100","author":"Fraser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.10.017","article-title":"Aptamer-mediated Plasmodium-specific diagnosis of malaria","volume":"145","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-181","article-title":"pLDH level of clinically isolated Plasmodium vivax and detection limit of pLDH based malaria rapid diagnostic test","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN02417C","article-title":"Specific and sensitive detection of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase by DNA-scaffolded silver nanoclusters combined with an aptamer","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00328","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase Antigen in Buffer Using Aptamer-Modified Magnetic Microparticles for Capture, Oligonucleotide-Modified Quantum Dots for Detection, and Oligonucleotide-Modified Gold Nanoparticles for Signal Amplification","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19755-0","article-title":"Ultrasensitive antibody-aptamer plasmonic biosensor for malaria biomarker detection in whole blood","volume":"11","author":"Minopoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.09.013","article-title":"Aptamer-graphene oxide for highly sensitive dual electrochemical detection of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase","volume":"514","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-016-9946-x","article-title":"Aromatic Surfactant as Aggregating Agent for Aptamer-Gold Nanoparticle-Based Detection of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase","volume":"58","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY02406A","article-title":"A smartphone-based fiber-optic aptasensor for label-free detection of Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase","volume":"12","author":"Sanjay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.06.022","article-title":"Capacitive malaria aptasensor using Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase as target antigen in undiluted human serum","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800142","article-title":"Development of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Based Malaria Aptasensor Using HRP-II as Target Biomarker","volume":"30","author":"Chakma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.03.003","article-title":"A highly sensitive aptasensor towards Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase for the diagnosis of malaria","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2013.03.032","article-title":"A colorimetric aptasensor for the diagnosis of malaria based on cationic polymers and gold nanoparticles","volume":"439","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Manjunatha, D.H., Jeon, W., and Ban, C. (2014). Cationic Surfactant-Based Colorimetric Detection of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase, a Biomarker for Malaria, Using the Specific DNA Aptamer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100847"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00449","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Aptamer-Based Fluorescence Detection of a Malarial Biomarker Using Single-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets","volume":"1","author":"Geldert","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN00640C","article-title":"Enhancing the sensing specificity of a MoS2nanosheet-based FRET aptasensor using a surface blocking strategy","volume":"142","author":"Geldert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15070g","article-title":"Aptasensor based on the selective electrodeposition of protein-linked gold nanoparticles on screen-printed electrodes","volume":"136","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-013-1315-6","article-title":"Development of a Fluorescent Enzyme-Linked DNA Aptamer-Magnetic Bead Sandwich Assay and Portable Fluorometer for Sensitive and Rapid Leishmania Detection in Sandflies","volume":"24","author":"Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarkatti, R., De Araujo, F.F., Gupta, C., and Debrabant, A. (2014). Aptamer Based, Non-PCR, Non-Serological Detection of Chagas Disease Biomarkers in Trypanosoma cruzi Infected Mice. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002650"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ara\u00fajo, F.F., Nagarkatti, R., Gupta, C., Marino, A.P., and Debrabant, A. (2015). Aptamer-Based Detection of Disease Biomarkers in Mouse Models for Chagas Drug Discovery. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003451"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.08.055","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and real-time detection of proteins in blood using a potentiometric carbon-nanotube aptasensor","volume":"41","author":"Niemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121618","article-title":"Highly sensitive magnetic-microparticle-based aptasensor for Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst detection in river water and wastewater: Effect of truncation on aptamer affinity","volume":"222","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, A., Labib, M., Muharemagic, D., Sattar, S., Dixon, B.R., and Berezovski, M.V. (2015). Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts on Fresh Produce Using DNA Aptamers. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137455"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2019-0153","article-title":"Development and application of DNA-aptamer-coupled magnetic beads and aptasensors for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking and recreational water resources","volume":"65","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00386","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Aptamer Assay (ELAA) for Detection of Toxoplasma ROP18 Protein in Human Serum","volume":"9","author":"Cardona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, W., Shen, X., Wang, C., Bibi, A., Cudjoe, O., Zhao, L., Yu, L., Du, J., Xu, Y., and Chen, X. (2022). Direct enzyme-linked aptamer assay (DELAA) for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by detection of SAG1 protein in mice and humans. Acta Trop., 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106255"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8354","DOI":"10.1021\/ac401755s","article-title":"Dual-Aptamer-Based Biosensing of Toxoplasma Antibody","volume":"85","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00065","article-title":"Aptamer Selection against a Trichomonas vaginalis Adhesion Protein for Diagnostic Applications","volume":"4","author":"Espiritu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24986","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24986","article-title":"Screening and identification of DNA aptamers toward Schistosoma japonicum eggs via SELEX","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804554","article-title":"Electrochemical Aptasensors","volume":"21","author":"Sassolas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Mohamed, M.A., Mohan, A.M.V., Zhu, Z., Sharma, V., Mishra, G.K., and Mishra, R.K. (2019). Application of Electrochemical Aptasensors toward Clinical Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring: Review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245435"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1039\/b606804a","article-title":"Aptamer conformational switch as sensitive electrochemical biosensor for potassium ion recognition","volume":"32","author":"Radi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200500989","article-title":"Label-Free Electronic Detection of Thrombin in Blood Serum by Using an Aptamer-Based Sensor","volume":"44","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8397","DOI":"10.1021\/ac401810t","article-title":"Sensitive Electrochemical Aptasensor by Coupling \u201cSignal-on\u201d and \u201cSignal-off\u201d Strategies","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9869","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02312","article-title":"Electrochemical Aptasensor of Cardiac Troponin I for the Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"87","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01284-8","article-title":"Lactate Dehydrogenase and the Diagnosis of Malaria","volume":"14","author":"Makler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(81)90058-X","article-title":"Partial purification and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"4","author":"Jagt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852645","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/852645","article-title":"Potential Biomarkers and Their Applications for Rapid and Reliable Detection of Malaria","volume":"2014","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"813","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase, the marker protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Cloning, expression and characterization of the malarial enzyme","volume":"258","author":"Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113472","article-title":"An electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor targeting Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II for malaria diagnosis","volume":"192","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.4.1269","article-title":"Secretion of a malarial histidine-rich protein (Pf HRP II) from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"103","author":"Howard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130812","article-title":"Multi-target electrochemical malaria aptasensor on flexible multielectrode arrays for detection in malaria parasite blood samples","volume":"349","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis716","article-title":"A Global Comparative Evaluation of Commercial Immunochromatographic Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"55","author":"Cunningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, M.C.A., Celeste, B.J., Lindoso, J.A.L., Fujimori, M., De Almeida, R.P., Fortaleza, C.M.C.B., Druzian, A.F., Lemos, A.P.F., De Melo, V.C.A., and Paniago, A. (2020). Performance of rK39-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using whole blood, serum and oral fluid. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232727"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929","article-title":"Field evaluation of rK39 test and direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a population with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia","volume":"80","author":"Tefera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01352-4","article-title":"Selection of aptamers against KMP-11 using colloidal gold during the SELEX process","volume":"308","author":"Moreno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200004717X","article-title":"Identification, purification and properties of clone-specific glycoprotein antigens constituting the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"71","author":"Cross","year":"1975","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001460","article-title":"Modulation of innate immunity by African Trypanosomes","volume":"137","author":"Paulnock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/2241125a0","article-title":"Localization of Variable Antigens in the Surface Coat of Trypanosoma brucei using Ferritin Conjugated Antibody","volume":"224","author":"Vickerman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2221","article-title":"The trypanosome flagellar pocket","volume":"7","author":"Field","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.9.2006","article-title":"Combinatorial selection of high affinity RNA ligands to live African trypanosomes","volume":"27","author":"Homann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00032-3","article-title":"Uptake and intracellular transport of RNA Aptamers in African trypanosomes suggest therapeutic \u201cPiggy-Back\u201d approach","volume":"9","author":"Homann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/138620708783398331","article-title":"Post-SELEX Chemical Optimization of a Trypanosome-Specific RNA Aptamer","volume":"11","author":"Adler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.1.84-94.2003","article-title":"Targeting the Variable Surface of African Trypanosomes with Variant Surface Glycoprotein-Specific, Serum-Stable RNA Aptamers","volume":"2","author":"Lorger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0960-9","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: Environmental, therapeutic, and preventive challenges","volume":"29","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2021, December 19). US Environmental Protection Agency 2001 Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration\/IMS\/FA. EPA Number: 815-R-05-002, Available online: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2006-01-05\/pdf\/06-4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/83.5.1108","article-title":"Enumeration of Cryptosporidium spp. in Water with U.S. EPA Method 1622","volume":"83","author":"Sinclair","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503303321304","article-title":"The Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"332","author":"DuPont","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01753986","article-title":"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements of distances in actin and myosin. A critical evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Miki","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foerster, T. (1964). Delocalized Excitation and Excitation Transfer, Department of Chemistry, Florida State University. Bulletin No. 18 (FSU-2690-18).","DOI":"10.2172\/4626886"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210140","article-title":"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging of live cell protein localizations","volume":"160","author":"Sekar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200500217","article-title":"F\u00f6rster Resonance Energy Transfer Investigations Using Quantum-Dot Fluorophores","volume":"7","author":"Clapp","year":"2006","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10898","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02164","article-title":"Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots Assisted Construction of Fluorescent Aptasensor for Rapid Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Food Samples","volume":"66","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-020-01821-4","article-title":"Fluorescent Turn-on Aptasensor of Staphylococcus aureus Based on the FRET Between Green Carbon Quantum Dot and Gold Nanoparticle","volume":"13","author":"Pebdeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2014.02.010","article-title":"Metal nanoclusters: New fluorescent probes for sensors and bioimaging","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.01.018","article-title":"An aptamer-enabled DNA nanobox for protein sensing","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/acscombsci.8b00021","article-title":"Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement Based Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Dehydrogenase Using Carbon Dot Coupled Specific Aptamer","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Comb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.12.4372-4382.2002","article-title":"Mitochondrial RNA Import in Leishmania tropica: Aptamers Homologous to Multiple tRNA Domains That Interact Cooperatively or Antagonistically at the Inner Membrane","volume":"22","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-P\u00e9rez, N., Ramos, E., Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Pinto, C., Soto, M., Mart\u00edn, M.E., and Gonz\u00e1lez, V.M. (2015). Molecular and Functional Characterization of ssDNA Aptamers that Specifically Bind Leishmania infantum PABP. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140048"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.02.012","article-title":"DNA aptamers targeting Leishmania infantum H3 protein as potential diagnostic tools","volume":"1107","author":"Frezza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, M.E., Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Garc\u00eda-Recio, E.M., G\u00f3mez-Chac\u00f3n, G.F., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, M., and Gonz\u00e1lez, V.M. (2013). DNA Aptamers Selectively Target Leishmania infantum H2A Protein. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078886"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.2010.0240","article-title":"In Vitro Selection of Leishmania infantum H3-Binding ssDNA Aptamers","volume":"20","author":"Ramos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oligonucleotides"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700535","article-title":"A DNA aptamer population specifically detects Leishmania infantum H2A antigen","volume":"87","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10450","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00200a028","article-title":"Inhibition of receptor binding by high-affinity RNA ligands to vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"33","author":"Jellinek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"393","article-title":"Development of the anti-VEGF aptamer to a therapeutic agent for clinical ophthalmology","volume":"1","author":"Trujillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., He, H., Xiao, D., Yin, S., Ji, W., Jiang, S., Luo, D., Wang, B., and Liu, Y. (2018). Recent Advances of Plasmonic Nanoparticles and their Applications. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101833"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"237","article-title":"Colorimetric biosensors for point-of-care virus detections","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Liu, X., Hu, X., Song, S., and Fan, C. (2006). Unmodified gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for potassium DNA aptamers. Chem. Commun., 3780\u20133782.","DOI":"10.1039\/b607448k"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03300","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Murine Norovirus Using NanoZyme Aptasensor","volume":"91","author":"Weerathunge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/43\/435102","article-title":"Functionalized magnetic microparticle-based colorimetric platform for influenza A virus detection","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Zhang, J., Zheng, M., Zhong, Y., Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Wu, W., Ye, W., Wen, J., and Wang, Q. (2012). An Aptamer-Based Biosensor for Colorimetric Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048999"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.002","article-title":"Colorimetric aptasensor for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium using ZnFe2O4-reduced graphene oxide nanostructures as an effective peroxidase mimetics","volume":"261","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00745-9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of malaria rapid diagnostic test in the elimination setting","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamboa, D., Ho, M.-F., Bendezu, J., Torres, K., Chiodini, P., Barnwell, J.W., Incardona, S., Perkins, M., Bell, D., and McCarthy, J. (2010). A Large Proportion of P. falciparum Isolates in the Amazon Region of Peru Lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: Implications for Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008091"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano, C.M., Okoth, S.A., Abdallah, J.F., Pava, Z., Dorado, E., Incardona, S., Huber, C.S., de Oliveira, A.M., Bell, D., and Udhayakumar, V. (2015). Deletion of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 (pfhrp2) and Histidine-Rich Protein 3 (pfhrp3) Genes in Colombian Parasites. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131576"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana, G.M.R., Okoth, S.A., Silva-Flannery, L., Barbosa, D.R.L., De Oliveira, A.M., Goldman, I.F., Morton, L., Huber, C., Anez, A., and Machado, R.L.D. (2017). Histidine-rich protein 2 (pfhrp2) and pfhrp3 gene deletions in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from select sites in Brazil and Bolivia. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171150"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golassa, L., Messele, A., Amambua-Ngwa, A., and Swedberg, G. (2020). High prevalence and extended deletions in Plasmodium falciparum hrp2\/3 genomic loci in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241807"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2502-3","article-title":"High proportions of pfhrp2 gene deletion and performance of HRP2-based rapid diagnostic test in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates of Odisha","volume":"17","author":"Pati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mowbray, S.E., and Amiri, A.M. (2019). A Brief Overview of Medical Fiber Optic Biosensors and Techniques in the Modification for Enhanced Sensing Ability. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9010023"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10481","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510481","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Versatile Technique for Biosensor Applications","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"079","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:126:2:079","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance: Applications in Understanding Receptor\u2013Ligand Interaction","volume":"126","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.435143","article-title":"Distributed polymer optical fiber sensors: A review and outlook","volume":"9","author":"Mizuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photon Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68050-x","article-title":"A portable optical-fibre-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the detection of therapeutic antibodies in human serum","volume":"10","author":"Zeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3390\/s7060797","article-title":"Recent Development in Optical Fiber Biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Bosch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00046C","article-title":"A portable optic fiber aptasensor for sensitive, specific and rapid detection of bisphenol-A in water samples","volume":"16","author":"Yildirim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"77","article-title":"SPR based hybrid electro-optic biosensor for \u03b2-lactam antibiotics determination in water","volume":"Volume 10405","author":"Galatus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability XIV"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121452","article-title":"HER2 breast cancer biomarker detection using a sandwich optical fiber assay","volume":"221","author":"Loyez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122532","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection through a plasmonic D-shaped plastic optical fiber aptasensor","volume":"233","author":"Cennamo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-1611-1-3","article-title":"Development of a Cryptosporidium oocyst assay using an automated fiber optic-based biosensor","volume":"1","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03863-3","article-title":"PfHRP2 detection using plasmonic optrodes: Performance analysis","volume":"20","author":"Loyez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1117\/12.418742","article-title":"Water quality monitoring using an automated portable fiber optic biosensor: RAPTOR","volume":"Volume 4206","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.205","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 disease diagnosis: Comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods","volume":"60","author":"Gomes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00127-07","article-title":"Evaluation of Serological Tests To Identify Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Humans and Determine Cross-Reactivity with Trypanosoma rangeli and Leishmania spp.","volume":"14","author":"Caballero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, A.F., and Alderete, J. (2007). Characterization of the Trichomonas vaginalis surface-associated AP65 and binding domain interacting with trichomonads and host cells. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-116"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133643","article-title":"A Secreted Serine-Threonine Kinase Determines Virulence in the Eukaryotic Pathogen Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"314","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133690","article-title":"Polymorphic Secreted Kinases Are Key Virulence Factors in Toxoplasmosis","volume":"314","author":"Saeij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.3951","article-title":"Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii major surface protein (SAG-1, P30) inhibit infection of host cells and are produced in murine intestine after peroral infection","volume":"150","author":"Mineo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1054","article-title":"Attachment of Toxoplasma gondii to Host Cells Involves Major Surface Protein, SAG-1 (P-30)","volume":"79","author":"Mineo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23997-w","article-title":"Targeting the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 with RNA aptamers controls survival in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"8","author":"Dufour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarkatti, R., Bist, V., Sun, S., De Ara\u00fajo, F.F., Nakhasi, H.L., and Debrabant, A. (2012). Development of an Aptamer-Based Concentration Method for the Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Blood. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043533"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:58:15Z","timestamp":1760119095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]}}}