{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:05:49Z","timestamp":1790787949504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cCARTEL\u201d French Guiana FEDER Project","award":["GY0015845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY0015845"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to develop and characterize new heavy metal sensors functionalized by extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) isolated from a Tunisian thermophilic microalga strain Graesiella sp. The elaborated sensor showed a highly homogeneous character and revealed a microstructural lamellar arrangement, high crystalline nature, and several functional groups. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and acoustic wave sensing were used as sensing techniques to explore the ability of microalgae-EPS-functionalized sensors to detect cadmium and mercury as heavy metals. For impedimetric measurements, a two-dipole circuit was adopted and showed good-fitted results with a low total error. The acoustic sensor platforms showed good compatibility with EPS in adjacent water. For both EPS-functionalized sensors, metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+) were successfully detected in the concentration range from 10\u221210 M to 10\u22124 M. Impedimetric sensor was more sensitive to Cd2+ at low concentrations before saturation at 10\u22127 M, while the acoustic sensor exhibited more sensitivity to Hg2+ over the full range. The results highlight a new potential alternative to use microalgae EPSs as a sensitive coating material for the detection of heavy metals. However, its use in a real liquid medium requires further investigation of its selectivity in the presence of other compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T04:59:58Z","timestamp":1673413198000},"page":"803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Elaboration and Characterization of a New Heavy Metal Sensor Functionalized by Extracellular Polymeric Substances Isolated from a Tunisian Thermophilic Microalga Strain Graesiella sp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4384-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wejdene","family":"Gongi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 228 Espace-Dev, University of French Guiana, F-97300 Cayenne, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxence","family":"Rube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 228 Espace-Dev, University of French Guiana, F-97300 Cayenne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafedh","family":"Ben Ouada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Interfaces et Mat\u00e9riaux Avanc\u00e9s, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Monastir, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1853-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem","family":"Ben Ouada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology & Aquatic Bioproducts, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ollivier","family":"Tamarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 228 Espace-Dev, University of French Guiana, F-97300 Cayenne, France"},{"name":"IMS, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5218, F-33405 Talence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9004-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Dejous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5218, F-33405 Talence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans","volume":"6","author":"Briffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.24200\/amecj.v2.i03.73","article-title":"A review: Analytical methods for heavy metals determination in environment and human samples","volume":"2","author":"Arjomandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. 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