{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:32:10Z","timestamp":1772749930534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the academic leadership program Priority 2030 proposed by Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The generation of ozone and nitrogen oxides by laser-induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB) in mixtures of air with noble gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe is investigated using OES and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and absorption spectrophotometry. It is shown that the formation of NO and NO2 noticeably depends on the type of inert gas; the more complex electronic configuration and the lower ionization potential of the inert gas led to increased production of NO and NO2. The formation of ozone occurs mainly due to the photolytic reaction outside the gas discharge zone. Equilibrium thermodynamic analysis showed that the formation of NO in mixtures of air with inert gases does not depend on the choice of an inert gas, while the equilibrium concentration of the NO+ ion decreases with increasing complexity of the electronic configuration of an inert gas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1673584220000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spectroscopy of Laser-Induced Dielectric Breakdown Plasma in Mixtures of Air with Inert Gases Ar, He, Kr, and Xe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0818-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Martusevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Free Radical Biomedicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kornev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Ermakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Gornushkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Nazarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Free Radical Biomedicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyubov","family":"Shabarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shkrunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, 603951 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1072","article-title":"Environmental Ozone Field Study on Pulmonary and Subjective Responses of Assumed Risk Groups","volume":"71","author":"Hoppe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1308\/1355761053695158","article-title":"The Use of Ozone in Dentistry and Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Baysan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"29","article-title":"The use of an ozonised sorbent in treating patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis","volume":"66","author":"Belianin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199309000-00010","article-title":"Does Ozone Alleviate AIDS Diarrhea?","volume":"17","author":"Carpendale","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastr."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"128","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the action of singlet oxygen on biological systems","volume":"2","author":"Martusevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"M. Tech. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-013-2273-3","article-title":"Influence of singlet oxygen inhalation on the state of blood pro- and antioxidant systems and energy metabolism","volume":"156","author":"Martusevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Exper. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-016-3473-4","article-title":"Effect of ROS inhalations on systemic and local hemodynamics in rats","volume":"161","author":"Martusevich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8765972","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8765972","article-title":"The Contribution of Singlet Oxygen to Insulin Resistance","volume":"2017","author":"Onyango","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00554","article-title":"Singlet Molecular Oxygen Reactions with Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Proteins","volume":"119","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.101613","article-title":"A new level of in vivo singlet molecular oxygen luminescence measurements","volume":"29","author":"Pfitzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiag. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-016-9698-1","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Production by High Voltage Electrical Discharges for Medical Uses: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/20\/11\/010","article-title":"Ozone synthesis from oxygen in dielectric barrier discharges","volume":"20","author":"Eliasson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199870061169","article-title":"Dielectric barrier discharges and ozone synthesis","volume":"70","author":"Pietsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pur. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.07.003","article-title":"Coupled surface dielectric barrier discharge reactor-ozone synthesis and nitric oxide conversion from air","volume":"256","author":"Malik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-018-9902-6","article-title":"A High-Efficiency Double Surface Discharge and Its Application to Ozone Synthesis","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasm. Chem. Plasm. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"47","article-title":"Non-Thermal Plasma Ozone Generation","volume":"43","year":"2003","journal-title":"Act. Polytech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/11\/3\/305","article-title":"Experimental study of ozone synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Garamoon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plasm. Sour. Sc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/9\/2\/304","article-title":"Characterization of transformer coupled oxygen plasmas by trace rare gases-optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fuller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plasm. Sour. Sc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2007.07.016","article-title":"Inductively coupled RF oxygen plasma characterization by optical emission spectroscopy","volume":"82","author":"Cvelbar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"487","article-title":"Okislenie azota v mikrovolnovyh razryadah atmosfernogo davleniya","volume":"55","author":"Babarickij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Him. Vys. En."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1063\/1.330592","article-title":"Experimental investigation of electrical breakdown in nitrogen and oxygen induced by focused laser radiation at 1.064 \u03bc","volume":"53","author":"Stricker","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7162","DOI":"10.1021\/jp712011t","article-title":"Spectroscopic Investigations of High-Power Laser-Induced Dielectric Breakdown in Gas Mixtures Containing Carbon Monoxide","volume":"112","author":"Cihelka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1366\/000370203322554626","article-title":"Measurement and Modeling of Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Produced by Laser Breakdown in Oxygen\u2013Nitrogen Atmospheres","volume":"57","author":"Gornushkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). Available online: www.uv-vis-spectral-atlas-mainz.org."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). Available online: https:\/\/cearun.grc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griem, H.R. (1997). Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511524578"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2013.09.004","article-title":"Thermodynamic equilibrium states in laser-induced plasmas: From the general case to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy plasmas","volume":"90","author":"Cristoferetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectr. Act. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raizer, Y.P. (1991). Gas Discharge Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61247-3"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, November 22). Available online: https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/pml\/atomic-spectra-database."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Real-time and simultaneous monitoring of NO, NO2, and N2O using substrate\u2013integrated hollow waveguides coupled to a compact fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer","volume":"73","author":"Petruci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:12Z","timestamp":1760119512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]}}}