{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:36:46Z","timestamp":1782545806213,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWi)","award":["KK5151903BM1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK5151903BM1"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWi)","award":["872488\u2014DCPM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["872488\u2014DCPM"]}]},{"name":"European Commission H2020 MSCA Rise","award":["KK5151903BM1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK5151903BM1"]}]},{"name":"European Commission H2020 MSCA Rise","award":["872488\u2014DCPM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["872488\u2014DCPM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of accurate tidal volumes based on respiration-induced surface movements of the upper body would be valuable in clinical and sports monitoring applications, but most current methods lack the precision, ease of use, or cost effectiveness required for wide-scale uptake. In this paper, the theoretical ability of different sensors, such as inertial measurement units, strain gauges, or circumference measurement devices to determine tidal volumes were investigated, scrutinised and evaluated. Sixteen subjects performed different breathing patterns of different tidal volumes, while using a motion capture system to record surface motions and a spirometer as a reference to obtain tidal volumes. Subsequently, the motion-capture data were used to determine upper-body circumferences, tilt angles, distance changes, movements and accelerations\u2014such data could potentially be measured using optical encoders, inertial measurement units, or strain gauges. From these parameters, the measurement range and correlation with the volume signal of the spirometer were determined. The highest correlations were found between the spirometer volume and upper body circumferences; surface deflection was also well correlated, while accelerations carried minor respiratory information. The ranges of thorax motion parameters measurable with common sensors and the values and correlations to respiratory volume are presented. This article thus provides a novel tool for sensor selection for a smart shirt analysis of respiration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1674437786000},"page":"1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterisation and Quantification of Upper Body Surface Motions for Tidal Volume Determination in Lung-Healthy Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Laufer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Hoeflinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Docherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0209-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour Aldeen","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Krueger-Ziolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Rupitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonhard","family":"Reindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Medicine (ITeM), Furtwangen University, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.407","article-title":"Measurement of the Separate Volume Changes of Rib Cage and Abdomen during Breathing","volume":"22","author":"Konno","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. 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