{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:49:27Z","timestamp":1779263367166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Russian Science Foundation","award":["22-75-10079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-75-10079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was motivated by the well-known problem of the differential diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor using the phase shift between the tremor signals in the antagonist muscles of patients. Different phase shifts are typical for different diseases; however, it remains unclear how this parameter can be used for clinical diagnosis. Neurophysiological papers have reported different estimations of the accuracy of this parameter, which varies from insufficient to 100%. To address this issue, we developed special types of area under the ROC curve (AUC) diagrams and used them to analyze the phase shift. Different phase estimations, including the Hilbert instantaneous phase and the cross-wavelet spectrum mean phase, were applied. The results of the investigation of the clinical data revealed several regularities with opposite directions in the phase shift of the electromyographic signals in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor. The detected regularities provide insights into the contradictory results reported in the literature. Moreover, the developed AUC diagrams show the potential for the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases related to the hyperkinetic movements of the extremities and the creation of high-accuracy methods of clinical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T07:56:48Z","timestamp":1675065408000},"page":"1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Phase Shifts Using AUC Diagrams: Application to Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Essential Tremor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-7289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga S.","family":"Sushkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotel\u2019nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Mokhovaya 11-7, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexei A.","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotel\u2019nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Mokhovaya 11-7, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8309-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan A.","family":"Kershner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotel\u2019nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Mokhovaya 11-7, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita N.","family":"Khokhlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotel\u2019nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Mokhovaya 11-7, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra V.","family":"Gabova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Butlerova 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexei V.","family":"Karabanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBI \u201cResearch Center of Neurology\u201d, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larisa A.","family":"Chigaleichick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBI \u201cResearch Center of Neurology\u201d, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei N.","family":"Illarioshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBI \u201cResearch Center of Neurology\u201d, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.8.772","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological aids in the differential diagnosis of tremor","volume":"39","author":"Shahani","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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