{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:52:46Z","timestamp":1790787166631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) across power distribution networks (DNs) is forcing distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve the voltage regulation capabilities of the system. The increase in power flows due to the installation of renewable plants in unexpected zones of the distribution grid can affect the voltage profile, even causing interruptions at the secondary substations (SSs) with the voltage limit violation. At the same time, widespread cyberattacks across critical infrastructure raise new challenges in security and reliability for DSOs. This paper analyzes the impact of false data injection related to residential and non-residential customers on a centralized voltage regulation system, in which the DG is required to adapt the reactive power exchange with the grid according to the voltage profile. The centralized system estimates the distribution grid state according to the field data and provides the DG plants with a reactive power request to avoid voltage violations. A preliminary false data analysis in the context of the energy sector is carried out to build up a false data generator algorithm. Afterward, a configurable false data generator is developed and exploited. The false data injection is tested in the IEEE 118-bus system with an increasing DG penetration. The false data injection impact analysis highlights the need to increase the security framework of DSOs to avoid facing a relevant number of electricity interruptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1677463846000},"page":"2557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["False Data Injection Impact on High RES Power Systems with Centralized Voltage Regulation Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3964-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Bragatto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautic Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Bucarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautic Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Sofia","family":"Bucarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautic Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Geri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautic Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Maccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautic Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2011.943142","article-title":"Special section on keeping the smart grid safe","volume":"10","author":"Govindarasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2165269","article-title":"Cyber\u2013Physical System Security for the Electric Power Grid","volume":"100","author":"Sridhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSN.2011.039629","article-title":"Towards modelling the impact of cyber attacks on a smart grid","volume":"6","author":"Kundur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Secur. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s41601-020-00164-w","article-title":"A review of cyber security risks of power systems: From static to dynamic false data attacks","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prot. Control. Mod. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, December 15). Cybersecurity Considerations for Electrical Distribution Systems, Eaton, November 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.eaton.com\/ecm\/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&allowInterrupt=1&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&Rendition=Primary&dDocName=WP152002EN."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2022.3169343","article-title":"Optimal Communication Network Design of Microgrids Considering Cyber-Attacks and Time-Delays","volume":"13","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2817046","article-title":"Using Self-Organizing Architectures to Mitigate the Impacts of Denial-of-Service Attacks on Voltage Control Schemes","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2958014","article-title":"Detection and Mitigation of Data Manipulation Attacks in AC Microgrids","volume":"11","author":"Mustafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2432013","article-title":"Analyzing the Cyber-Physical Impact of Cyber Events on the Power Grid","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2427380","article-title":"Detection of Cyber Attacks Against Voltage Control in Distribution Power Grids With PVs","volume":"7","author":"Isozaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107741","article-title":"Location and sizing of hydrogen based systems in distribution network for renewable energy integration","volume":"205","author":"Bragatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatta, F.M., Geri, A., Maccioni, M., Carere, F., Abbafati, M., Paulucci, M., and Bragatto, T. (2021, January 7\u201310). Electric Mobility Hosting Capacity assessment in Terni distribution network. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2021 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope51590.2021.9584815"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2014.09.016","article-title":"Smart Grid on field application in the Italian framework: The A.S.SE.M. project","volume":"120","author":"Delfanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2495133","article-title":"A Review of False Data Injection Attacks Against Modern Power Systems","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2949998","article-title":"A Survey on the Detection Algorithms for False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grids","volume":"11","author":"Musleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.2968243","article-title":"Detection of False Data Injection Cyber-Attacks in DC Microgrids Based on Recurrent Neural Networks","volume":"9","author":"Habibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144313","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3122009","article-title":"Big Data-Driven Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Meters","volume":"9","author":"Unal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanduleac, M., Corsi, A., Bragatto, T., Stanescu, D., Stanescu, C., Sbarcea, A., and Bulac, C. (2018, January 1\u20133). Using Frequency measurements for data consistency assessment related to malicious data injection in distribution related ICT systems. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (ISFEE), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISFEE.2018.8742414"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Xiao, M., Zheng, X., Wang, S., and Ullah, Z. (2021, January 28\u201330). Review on the Coordinated Voltage Control Methods in Distribution Networks. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 4th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIEEC50170.2021.9510940"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirbagheri, S.M., Falabretti, D., and Merlo, M. (2018, January 20\u201322). Voltage Control in Active Distribution Grids: A Review and a New Set-Up Procedure for Local Control Laws. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Amalfi, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2018.8445387"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2679238","article-title":"Distributed and Decentralized Voltage Control of Smart Distribution Networks: Models, Methods, and Future Research","volume":"8","author":"Georgilakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2952171","article-title":"Decentralized Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Distribution Transformers for Voltage Regulation in Active Distribution Networks","volume":"11","author":"Kou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2716407","article-title":"Combined Local and Centralized Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks","volume":"33","author":"Bidgoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawano, S., Yoshizawa, S., and Hayashi, Y. (2016, January 3\u20135). Centralized voltage control method using voltage forecasting by JIT modeling in distribution networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TDC.2016.7520006"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2902524","article-title":"Coordinated Voltage Control Strategy for Voltage Regulators and Voltage Source Converters Integrated Distribution System","volume":"55","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2010.2098483","article-title":"Coordinated Active Power Curtailment of Grid Connected PV Inverters for Overvoltage Prevention","volume":"2","author":"Tonkoski","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2022.3163108","article-title":"MPC-Based Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks Incorporating CVR and DR","volume":"58","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, A., Dan, G., Sandberg, H., Berthier, R., Bobba, R.B., and Valdes, A. (2014, January 4\u20136). Security of smart distribution grids: Data integrity attacks on integrated volt\/VAR control and countermeasures. Proceedings of the 2014 American Control Conference, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2014.6859265"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40402","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064689","article-title":"Detection of Cyber Attacks on Voltage Regulation in Distribution Systems Using Machine Learning","volume":"9","author":"Bhusal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106225","article-title":"The impact of false data injection attacks against remedial action schemes","volume":"123","author":"Basumallik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2843721","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Intrusions to Network Parameter Data in Electric Power Systems","volume":"10","author":"Molzahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.11.014","article-title":"Capability curve analysis of photovoltaic generation systems","volume":"140","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, January 14). TERNA, Italian Grid Code. Available online: https:\/\/www.terna.it\/en\/electric-system\/grid-codes\/italian-grid-code."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"IRENA (2022). Grid Codes for Renewable Powered Systems, International Renewable Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2008.05.013","article-title":"Improving high-voltage transmission system adequacy under contingency by genetic algorithms","volume":"79","author":"Gatta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Radial Distribution Test Systems for Power System Distribution Education and Research","volume":"3","author":"Bouchekara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour.-Effic. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reliability Test System Task Force of the Application of Probability Methods Subcommittee (1979). IEEE Reliability Test System. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., PAS-98, 2047\u20132054.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1979.319398"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2020, July 20). Solar Power Data for Integration Studies, Available online: https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/grid\/solar-power-data.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:42:18Z","timestamp":1760121738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]}}}