{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:17:55Z","timestamp":1780762675847,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PRE2019-089028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-089028"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PRE2019-089028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-089028"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122399OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["PRE2019-089028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-089028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of collisions between vehicles and vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, cyclists, road workers and more recently scooter riders, especially in urban streets. This work studies the feasibility of enhancing the detection of these users by means of CW radars because they have a low radar cross section. Since the speed of these users is usually low, they can be confused with clutter due to the presence of large objects. To this end, this paper proposes, for the first time, a method based on a spread spectrum radio communication between vulnerable road users and the automotive radar consisting of modulating a backscatter tag, placed on the user. In addition, it is compatible with low-cost radars that use different waveforms such as CW, FSK or FMCW, and hardware modifications are not required. The prototype that has been developed is based on a commercial monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier connected between two antennas, which is modulated by switching its bias. Experimental results with a scooter, under static and moving conditions, using a low-power Doppler radar at a 24 GHz band compatible with blind spot radars, are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1677808988000},"page":"2730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Smart Spread Spectrum Modulated Tags for Detection of Vulnerable Road Users with Automotive Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Villarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Girbau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Electrics and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.11.008","article-title":"Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication over multi-tier heterogeneous networks: A survey","volume":"112","author":"Ndashimye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. 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