{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:07:09Z","timestamp":1764133629147,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information &amp; Communications Technology Planning &amp; Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2018-0-01658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-0-01658"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Star images from star trackers are usually defocused to capture stars over an exposure time for better centroid measurements. While a satellite is maneuvering, the star point on the screen of the camera is affected by the satellite, which results in the degradation of centroid measurement accuracy. Additionally, this could result in a worse star vector outcome. For geostationary satellites, onboard thrusters are used to maintain or change orbit parameters under orbit disturbances. Since there is misalignment in the thruster and torque is generated by an impulsive shape signal from the torque command, it is difficult to generate target torque; in addition, it also impacts the star image because the impulsive torque creates a sudden change in the angular velocity in the satellite dynamics. This makes the noise of the star image non-Gaussian, which may require introducing a method for dealing with non-Gaussian measurement noise. To meet this goal, in this study, an adaptive extended Kalman filter is implemented to predict measurement vectors with predicted states. The GMM (Gaussian mixture model) is connected in this sequence, giving weighting parameters to each Gaussian density and resulting in the better prediction of measurement vectors. Simulation results show that the GMM-EKF exhibits a better performance than the EKF for attitude estimation, with 30% improvement in performance. Therefore, the GMM-EKF could be a more attractive approach for use with geostationary satellites during station-keeping maneuvers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:04:08Z","timestamp":1682305448000},"page":"4212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["GMM-Based Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Design for Satellite Attitude Estimation under Thruster-Induced Disturbances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Taeho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 201 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natnael S.","family":"Zewge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 201 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyochoong","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 201 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9163-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyosang","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 201 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060001","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5133199","article-title":"Distribution of orbit correction thrusters for the geostationary satellite","volume":"2171","author":"Okhitina","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conf. 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